ADAPTATION OF VARIETIES TO SOILS 13 



clay, silt, and sands, this grouping would include the medium- 

 to-light loams, the heavy sandy loams, and also the medium sandy 

 loams provided they were underlain by soil material not lighter 

 than a medium loam nor heavier than a light or medium clay 

 loam of friable structure. 



From this broad generalization it will be seen that the surface 

 soil should contain an appreciable amount of sand. The sands, 

 moreover, should not be all of one grade ; that is, a high percentage 



Fig. 2. A Baldwin that has found congenial soil 



When fifteen years old this tree produced nine barrels of No. i, the small pile (at the left) 



of No. 2, and the very small pile (at the right) of culls. (From the farm of Edward Van 



Alstyne, Kinderhook, New York) 



of coarse sand would give a poor soil, whereas a moderate admixture 

 of it with the finer grades of sand, together with sufficient clay and 

 silt, would work no harm. In general the sand content should be 

 of finer grades, but soils also occur, though comparatively rare, 

 which would be too heavy for this variety if it were not for a 

 marked content of the coarse sands, the effect of which is to make 

 the mass of soil much more friable and open than would be expected 

 with the presence of so much clay. Such soil dries quickly after a 

 rain and is not to be classed as a moist soil. It will never clod if 

 worked under conditions at all reasonable. The subsoil, on the 



