ADAPTATION OF VARIETIES TO SOILS 2$ 



Winesap. The Winesap is a standard variety of Virginia and 

 the southern Appalachians — an apple of good quality that re- 

 sponds readily to favorable conditions of soil and treatment, and 

 also brings surprisingly good returns under neglect. 



The soil need not be so rich as for the Yellow Newtown, 

 because the presence of too much organic matter detracts from 

 the color of the fruit, yet the tendency of this variety to yield fruit 

 below standard size makes desirable a soil as rich as may be while 

 securing a well-colored product. Much of the fruit as grown has 

 been from thin soils, and little or no effort has been expended in 

 improving the condition of such land. This has accentuated the 

 tendency of the variety to be small. 



The Winesap is adapted to both the Appalachian and the 

 Piedmont soils. In the mountains the Porters loam and loamy 

 areas of Porters clay are best ; in the valley of Virginia the 

 Hagerstown loam and Hagerstown clay loam ; and on the Pied- 

 mont plain the Cecil loam and Cecil clay. The Cecil soils are 

 usually so deficient in organic content, as a result of exhausting 

 systems of farming, that the fruit is very small unless the land is 

 put into good condition. Fortunately this is entirely practicable 

 under present conditions, and may be done with profit. Hence 

 selected areas in the Piedmont plain offer good opportunities for 

 developing small and medium-sized apple projects in connection 

 with other lines of farming. The Porters soils have not been so 

 reduced in productiveness and are better adapted to the Winesap 

 conditions, but the valley limestone soils there represented by the 

 Hagerstown series are also now producing the Winesap with great 

 success. At the southern end of the Appalachians, in north 

 Alabama, the Clarksville stony loam is also well adapted to this 

 variety. The problem, then, with the Winesap is to bring the 

 soils adapted to it into a productive condition and then to thin 

 the fruit where economically feasible. 



York Imperial. This variety is adapted to an extensive scope 

 of territory. This would naturally give rise to several soil series of 

 which the loamy members are well adapted to the production of 

 this apple. The so-called " soapstone land " in West Virginia 

 gives excellent results. This name is derived from the rock 

 formations, which range from a schistose limestone to a limy 



