120 THE APPLE 



gangs of half the disks) and in double action (having two rows 

 of disks in four gangs). In the latter case the action and work 

 of each machine is just doubled. 



Spring-tooth harrows. On very rocky land no tool can equal 

 the spring-tooth harrow for effectiveness. This harrow is also used 

 on other kinds of soil, and often where another tool would give 

 better results. It is much used in certain sections of the country, 

 particularly in the northeastern states. Its action is of the drag or 

 smoothing type, but by means of its springs the teeth, when they 

 catch onto stones or stumps, are sprung back to place without any 

 loss of efficiency. 



Sulky harrows. Sulky harrows of the spring-tooth type and 

 the more or less ridged type are used in many orchards and are 

 quite satisfactory under certain conditions. It seems to the writer, 

 however, that in general other tools would prove better. 



Smoothing harrows. Smoothing harrows are of various types. 

 The ordinary spike-tooth harrow offers many advantages to the 

 orchardist, principally in the fact that its widespreading range 

 permits of harrowing considerable land in a short time. Another 

 advantage is its double character of grinder and smoother. On 

 each machine there should be a lever or some other arrangement 

 whereby the slant of the teeth can be regulated, for often the 

 teeth should be set back so that only shallow surface tillage will be 

 given, while at other times the teeth should be straight, so as to 

 cut deeply into the soil. 



Acme harrows. The Acme harrow is another of the harrows 

 which smooth and grind the soil that has met with general ap- 

 proval by those who have used it. The machine is 6 or 8 feet wide 

 and consists of a gang of blades turned something like the mold- 

 board of a plow. The grinding is regulated to different depths and 

 consists of turning the soil somewhat as the plow turns a furrow. 

 This harrow can cover a large amount of surface in a day, and can 

 be run quite close to the trees, thus saving hand labor. 



The Kimball cultivator. The Kimball cultivator is another 

 smoothing harrow that has met with approval, especially in the 

 West. It is made in nine sizes — from the 4.} -foot size for the 

 small farm to the 17-foot size for the larger fields. The frame of 

 the machine is of fir, the ends being provided with fenders, which 



