IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE 141 



For large head flumes and laterals many fruit growers first 

 carefully prepare an earthen ditch which has carried water for at 

 least one season and afterwards line the inner surface with cement 

 concrete. 



Several years ago 3200 linear feet of head ditches, 14 inches 

 on the bottom with 18-inch sides and a 2-inch lining, were lined 

 for $26.50 per foot. The cement cost $2.85 per barrel, gravel 

 75 cents per yard, and labor $1.75 to $2. 50 per day. 



FlG. 63. Iron standpipe irrigations 

 Method of irrigating from iron standpipes connected with pressure pipes 



Pipes and standpipes. Head flumes, being placed on the surface 

 of the ground, interfere with the free passage of teams in cultivating, 

 irrigating, and harvesting the crop, and dead leaves from shade 

 and fruit trees often clog the small openings. These and other 

 objectionable features have induced many fruit-growers of southern 

 California to convey the water in underground pipes and distribute 

 it through standpipes placed at the heads of the rows of trees. 

 Both cement and clay pipes are used for this purpose. The former 

 are usually molded in 2-foot lengths, with beveled lap joints, and 

 consist of a mixture of 1 part cement to 3 or 4 parts fine gravel 

 and sand. The most common sizes are 6, 8, 10, and 12 inches in 



