INSECTS 183 



Leaf roller (Cacazcia rosaceana). There are several species of 

 insects the larvae of which tie leaves together or fold them in vari- 

 ous ways to form nests within which they may do their feeding 

 undisturbed, or to which they may retreat for rest between meals 

 when feeding on leaves outside. The clusters of partly eaten leaves 

 turn brown and are unsightly evidences of the presence of these 

 insects. Where they are numerous, young trees may be almost 

 entirely defoliated and bearing trees greatly injured. 



The oblique-banded leaf roller is reported as injurious in several 

 states, not only to the apple but to pear, plum, and peach trees, and 

 also to small fruit plants. 



The leaf tier, also called the lesser apple-leaf folder {Tents mi- 

 nut a), is a widely distributed species that is often very injurious, 

 especially to nursery stock. It produces three broods, the larvae of 

 the first brood folding young leaves longitudinally and tying the 

 edges together with silken threads. Several leaves may be tied to- 

 gether, and if two larvae inhabit the same cluster the whole cluster 

 may be involved. The leaves, which are in part skeletonized and 

 in part eaten through, soon turn brown and readily make apparent 

 the extent of the injury. The larvae pupate within the leaf clusters, 

 the later broods effecting the same kind of injury, except that, where 

 eggs are laid on fully developed leaves, usually only one edge of the 

 leaf is turned in to form the nest. Moths which appear in the fall 

 live over winter and deposit eggs on the opening buds in spring. 



Leaf skeletonizer (Pempelia Hammondi). This insect is common 

 in orchards east of the Rockies. The brown, skeletonized leaves 

 are often very conspicuous, particularly late in summer. The injury 

 is done by the larvae of small moths, which appear in spring and 

 deposit eggs on the leaves. The moth has a wing expanse of about 

 half an inch and is of a dark-brown color relieved by two light-gray 

 bands across each fore wing. 



The larvae spin thin silken webs, under which they work, and 

 often draw neighboring leaves together but do not fold them down, 

 as does the leaf crumpler. They eat the upper epidermis and the 

 pulp, leaving the lower epidermis and the network of veins. They 

 are transformed to pupae on the leaves under the webs, in which 

 stage they pass the winter. There are two broods, and in the South 

 probably three. 



