INSECTS 197 



more vulnerable at one stage of their development than at others. 

 The history of the codling moth from egg to adult is in four stages 

 — the egg, the larva (or worm), the pupa, and the moth. Normally 

 there are from one to three broods. 



The adult. The adult insect is a moth having a wing spread of 

 from \ to \ inch. The fore wings are striped transversely with 

 alternate dark gray and brown. The hind wings have the same 

 general grayish-brown, nearly saffron coloring of the body. The 

 moth is seminocturnal in its habits, confining its activities to dusk 

 and early dawn. For this reason, and because of the manner in 

 which its color blends with its natural surroundings, it is nearly 

 invisible and is seldom detected. 



The egg. The egg-laying season begins in the early spring sev- 

 eral days after the moth emerges from hibernation. It is renewed 

 at intervals, coincident with the maturing of successive broods, 

 until well into September, reaching its zenith with the third brood. 

 There is a partial overlapping of generations, which renders egg- 

 laying more or less continuous. Approximately 85 per cent of 

 the eggs are laid on the upper surface of the leaves. There is 

 much variation in the number of eggs deposited, the average being 

 about 50, and also in the length of life of the moths. 



The eggs are laid singly, and when first deposited are of a milky- 

 white color, circular in outline, of about the diameter of a pinhead, 



* A, two small apples, the end of one and the side of the other wormy. The former is the 

 most common method of injury by apple worms or larvae of the first brood, while the other 

 is very characteristic of larvae of the second brood, and is usually confined to points where fruits 

 touch or where a leaf and apple adhere. B, group of blossoms ready to spray and showing 

 conditions just after the petals drop. Note that the green sepal lobes are widely expanded 

 or drooping, and that conditions are therefore favorable for filling the calyx cup with poison. 

 C, three mature apples showing the work of the apple-worm (or codling-moth) larva about 

 the core, at the blossom end, and an irregular cavity at the side, a point where the full-grown 

 larvae frequently escape. D, a piece of bark removed from the tree and showing on the 

 undersurface the numerous cocoons in which the insects hibernate and undergo their trans- 

 formations from the caterpillar to the pupa and moth. /, moth with wings expanded, natural 

 size. 2, moth resting on young apple, side view. _?, moth resting on leaf, seen from above. 

 4, a portion of a pinkish apple worm or larva in a wormy apple, j, cocoon, seen from the 

 underside and showing the hole made by a woodpecker in search of the apple worm or 

 larva. 6, cell on the underside of the bark containing a codling-moth worm or larva. Note 

 its nearly doubled position. 7, upper surface of bark showing hole made by a woodpecker. 

 The same condition seen from the inner surface is represented at j. 5, empty cocoon. 

 9, group of old cocoons, zo, two cocoons in which apple worms or larvae have been de- 

 stroyed by fungus. //, oval excavation in the bark made by the apple worm or larva prior 

 to spinning its cocoon. /2, newly made cocoon, the silken case being nearly obscured by 

 particles of bark. 



