246 THE APPLE 



4. Lime-sulphur (32 degrees Baume) diluted 1 to 40 for apple 

 scab; add arsenate of lead, 2 pounds to 50 gallons, for the second 

 brood of the codling moth. Apply the last week in July. 



How to apply the spray. To do effective work in orchard 

 spraying requires constant care and watchfulness on the part of the 

 operator and also a certain amount of practice to secure the best 

 results. Thoroughness is essential, but by thoroughness is not 

 meant drenching the tree. The spray should be delivered with a 

 constant, strong pressure, issuing from the nozzle in a fine mist, 

 the finer the better. After a little experience the operator will 

 find that if the right type of nozzle is used, and if the extension 

 rod carrying the nozzle is properly adjusted and kept at the right 

 distance from the leaves, he can cover the tree thoroughly with a 

 fine, mistlike coating, and there will be no tendency for the mix- 

 ture to form large drops on the leaves or to drip from the edges. 

 While care must be taken to avoid dripping, the foliage and limbs 

 on all parts of the tree must be reached. It is impossible to do 

 thorough spraying on trees which have not been properly pruned 

 or on trees whose tops are filled with water sprouts and inter- 

 locking branches. 



Successful spraying depends on many factors, but chiefly on care 

 and thoroughness. Of the many precautions which might be given 

 the orchardist we shall mention only a few of the most essential. 



1 . It is vitally essential to success that every detail of the work 

 be carefully and thoroughly done. The spray must be directed 

 into each tree until every twig and leaf is covered with the 

 glistening fluid, and every bud and crevice filled to overflowing. 



2. To be successful, spraying must be done in season. It is 

 easy to neglect this work, especially if the weather is rainy or 

 windy, until the sepals are closed and the little worms are safely 

 established within the apple. It is impossible to overestimate the 

 importance of this point. During the critical period following the 

 fall of the petals spraying must not wait for high winds to subside 

 nor for rains to cease. 



3. A sufficient number of sprayings must be given. It is not safe 

 to risk less than three applications, and four or five are better. To 

 control the second brood of the codling moth, which is particularly 

 destructive, sometimes two sprayings are necessary. 



