328 THE APPLE 



union of cooperative associations better than in any other way. 

 This is not a matter of theory. The best-organized selling cooper- 

 ative associations have recognized that the development of new 

 markets is a most important part of their work, and large quan- 

 tities of surplus fruit are frequently used for this purpose by such 

 organizations as the California Fruit Exchange and the Georgia 

 Peach Growers' Exchange. 



Export. Large shipments of apples from the United States and 

 Canada are made each year. Practically all the apples grown in 

 the famous Annapolis valley, Nova Scotia, are exported to Eng- 

 land. The development of the apple trade in Nova Scotia is 

 similar to that in Ontario, and began about the same time. About 

 1870, shipments from Nova Scotia to London were in large enough 

 cargoes to attract attention. Later, Halifax secured a direct line 

 of steamers that has served the needs of the trade more or less 

 satisfactorily up to the present time. The exports in 1880 were 

 only 24,000 barrels, and in 1886, 177,500 barrels. The phenome- 

 nal crop of 1896 gave a surplus of something like 500,000 barrels, 

 and the 191 1 crop gave an output for export and long-distance 

 shipments of 1,500,000 barrels, representing a total yield of about 

 2,000,000 barrels. 



Large numbers of barrels are consigned from the ports of Port- 

 land, Boston, New York, and other cities. The Pacific coast grow- 

 ers are watching with eager eyes for the opening of the Panama 

 Canal and the low rates by boat direct to Europe and other foreign 

 countries. The demand for export apples is ever on the increase. 



In selling consignments of American apples in Liverpool not 

 only is the head of the barrel opened, but the contents are poured 

 out on a platform for inspection by the buyers, sometimes several 

 barrels being so inspected. The shipment is sold on the showing 

 of these sample barrels. 



Hamburg is becoming one of the best foreign markets for 

 American-grown apples. Probably from 2000 to 5000 boxes a 

 week could be utilized there. Before Christmas such varieties as 

 Extra Fancy Jonathan, Ben Davis, Gano, and similar apples could 

 be sold in boxes and are in good demand. After Christmas it is 

 difficult to sell them, for the demand is then for the barreled prod- 

 uct. Thousands of barrels are shipped annually from Canada, New 



