396 



THE APPLE 



In some cases it may pay to fill very large cavities, but not 

 often. The cement mixture should include gravel and possibly 

 large stones when such cavities are to be treated. 



Bracing. Generally a tree that requires bracing is of little value. 

 However, bracing is advisable sometimes. Where there is an 

 opposite pull between two branches the bracing is simple. Two 

 eyebolts with a ring through the eyes will do. Bore holes through 

 each limb in the same plane. Insert the ends of the bolts in these 

 holes ; place washers on the bolts, and screw the nuts until tight. 



Fig. 176. Tree surgery and tree bracing 

 A practical feature where trees are used both for fruit and for ornament 



In the case of a three-limb brace another bolt and perhaps two or 

 more may be placed on the iron ring. However, a balance must 

 be found between the branches. Where long stretches are made 

 between limbs, shorter bolts and chains may be used in place of 

 the ring and larger bolts. Other methods of bracing may be 

 employed to suit conditions. 



Soil. While under some special conditions an orchard may 

 be renovated without breaking up the sod, the average orchard 

 can be most effectively revived by thorough cultivation. As with 

 pruning, the severity of the treatment is largely dependent on 

 the condition of the trees. In the most extreme cases of neglect 



