402 THE APPLE 



variety left from the previous season may be removed in March 

 or April. In order to get them cut without injuring any of the 

 grafts, it may be necessary to cut them up into several pieces. If 

 there are more grafts than are necessary to produce a good top, 

 as is likely to be the case, they may be removed at the same 

 time as the brush. 



Summary. The whole scheme of renovating may be summed 

 up in a few words. Good business principles applied to a young 

 or moderately old neglected orchard may result in profitable re- 

 turns. A good system of orchard management thoroughly applied 

 will develop wonders from neglected, sound apple trees. 



Examples of successful renovation. Many examples of successful 

 orchard renovation might be cited, but two or three will be suffi- 

 cient to illustrate just how much may be done in certain cases. 

 The factors just discussed, particularly the personal element, have 

 influenced, to a marked degree, the success in each case. 



Dr. F. H. Lattin, a practicing physician, has been very success- 

 ful in his work of renovation. According to him the four great 

 factors in the successful growing of apples are pruning, tilling, 

 spraying, and fertilizing. The more attention is given to each of 

 these, the better are the results. 



In order to give weight to what he considers the proper man- 

 agement of orchards and to add assurance that his conclusions 

 are not based on assumption, guesswork, or hypothesis, we give 

 here results from several Orleans County (New York) orchards 

 which have come under Dr. Lattin 's care for a period of five 

 years. These orchards, as a rule, had not previously been recog- 

 nized as desirable ones, mainly because the owners were poor 

 managers. 



Orchard No. i contains ioo trees, set in 1876, of the following 

 varieties: 30 Baldwin, 40 Hubbardston, 7 King, 12 fall varieties, 

 and 1 1 assorted winter varieties. Dr. Lattin purchased this or- 

 chard in the spring of 1903. It had previously received fairly 

 good care and was recognized locally as a good orchard. Pruning 

 in previous years had been insufficiently but intelligently performed. 

 The orchard had been cropped annually since planting. Annual 

 applications of barnyard manure had been given it. Spraying 

 had been neglected. The yield of fruit for the previous five 



