492 



THE APPLE 



Soil, effect of, 8 ; kinds of, 8 ; improved 

 by cultivation, 115; water in, 8 



Solids, insoluble, increase in, 6 



Sooty blotch, 226 



Spongy dry rot, 227 



Spot, 225 



Spraying, 230 ; need of, 233 ; materials 

 for, 234 ; time for, 243 ; how to apply, 

 246 ; machinery for, 249 ; results of, 

 257 ; cost of, 258 



Stable manure for orchard, 51 



Standards versus dwarfs, 39 



Standpipes, 141 ; section of, 143 



Stayman Winesap, soils for, 24 



Sterile trees, 414 



Stock, first-class, 36 



Storage, 233 '■> temperature for, 334; 

 time for, 335 ; buildings for, 339 ; 

 systems of, 341 ; section of building 

 for, 346 ; ventilation in, 348 ; cooper- 

 ation in, 351 ; varieties for, 479 



Sulzer Bill, 276 



Sunlight, effect of, on color, 445 



Temperature, predicting, 31 ; records 

 of, 4 ; summer, 5 ; winter, 5 



Tent caterpillar, 185 



Thermometers for orchards, 34 



Thinning, 164; benefits from, 166; 

 cost of, 167; methods of, 166; time 

 for, 167; increase in value due to, 

 16S 



Thrips, pear, 195 



Tompkins King, soils for, 17 



Trees, selection of, 36 



Trimming apples, 362 

 Trumpet-miner, 185 



Variation, effect of, on color, 446 

 Varieties, 467 ; adaptation of, to soils, 

 10; description of, 467; for small 

 house lot, 473 ; for farm or com- 

 merce, 474; for market, 476; for 

 permanent trees, 476; for dessert 

 trade, 478 ; for export, 478 ; for 

 cider, 479 ; for drying, 479 ; newer, 

 480; older, 480; strongly colored, 480 

 Vinegar, 355 ; waste for, 368 



Wagener, soils for, 24 



Water, effect of large bodies of, on 



climate, 2 ; in soil, 8 ; supply of, for 



orchards, 131 

 Watering trees, caution about, 82 

 Weeds killed by cultivation, 116 

 Weevil, 202 

 Whip-grafting, 410 

 Wind, injury by, 261 

 Windbreaks, 43 ; advantages of, 43 ; 



disadvantages of, 46 ; where to plant, 



47 ; trees for, 48 ; when to use, 50 

 Winesap, soils for, 25; Stayman, soils 



for, 24 

 Woods grading machine, 289 

 Woolly aphis, 180; treatment of, 180 

 Worm, green-fruit, 205 



Yellow Newtown Pippin, soils for, 19 

 Yields of apples, 378 

 York Imperial, soils for, 25 



