l62 



SCIENTIFie NEAVS. 



[Sept. 1st, lE 



PHOTOGRAPHY BY MOONLIGHT. 



IN our July number we gave examples of photographs 

 taken by moonlight, and one of them represented the 

 path of the moon during an exposure of one hour. Mr. 

 James Jackson, the secretary of the Geographical Society at 

 Paris, has now sent us a very interesting photograph taken 

 by him during a partial ecUpse of the moon on the night 

 of the 3rd August. The exposure lasted two hours and 

 twenty-one minutes, from 8.21 to 10.42 p.m. Our illus- 

 tration is an exact copy of the photograph, and it will be 

 seen the band of light is perceptibly diminished in size as 

 the moon became more and more eclipsed. 



(a) Drawing, including Freehand, Geometry, and Per- 



spective. 



(b) Architecture. 



(c) The Principles of Ornament and Composition. 

 (i/) Painting. 



(c) The study of Figure, including Anatomy, Drawing, 

 and Painting from the Living Figure, and Painting 

 from the Antique, Composition. 



(J) Modelling. 



The number of students in the several art classes through- 

 out the kingdom was 61,151 in the year 1S85, and 69,837 in 

 the year 1886. The number of separate works sent to 



Copy of Photograph by Moonlight, showing the path of the Moon during its partial 

 eclipse. Time of exposure, 2 hours 20 minutes. 



EVENING TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION IN 

 ENGLAND.^IL* 



NO payment is made unless the student has received at 

 least twenty lessons during the session from his teacher, 

 and for the satisfaction of the Department, registers of 

 attendance of each school are sent to the Central Office. 



To the students who pass the examination, certificates and 

 prizes are given, and to those who take the highest places, 

 bursaries, which enable them to pursue their studies in the 

 Normal School in London, are awarded. 



n. — Schools for the teaching of industrial art are organ- 

 ised on almost the same principles as those of science. 

 Subventions are made from the Central Department towards 

 the erection of these schools, and towards the purchase of 

 books, models, engravings, photographs, etc. Every year 

 there is an examination in London of all the pupils' works 

 in the different schools throughout the country, and the sub- 

 ventions to the several schools depend upon the number 

 and excellence of the works executed by the pupils. The 

 subjects of instruction in the art schools for which payments 

 are made are grouped under the following heads : — 



' * Translation of a paper by .Sir Philip Magnus, read before the 

 Industrial Section of the Technical Education Congress held at 

 Bordeaux. 



South Kensington in 1885 was 612,446, and in 1886, 

 722,519. These figures do not include the number of works 

 marked by the examiners at the schools themselves. To 

 the successful pupils certificates, money prizes, and medals 

 are awarded as in the science schools, and those who take 

 the highest places in the examinations receive bursaries, 

 which enable them to continue their studies in the Normal 

 School of Decorative Art at South Kensington. 



In the year 1884, there were 188 schools of art, with 

 37,033 students in attendance, and the subvention of the 

 Department, on the results of the examination of these 

 students, was ^21,528. Besides these schools of art, there 

 were 490 separate courses of instruction, attended by 23,745 

 students, for the instruction of whom the subvention of the 

 Department amounted to ^7,712. In addition to the aid 

 given by the Department^towards the instruction of students 

 in art schools, subventions are made to defray the cost of 

 the instruction in drawing of children in elementary schools. 

 Until now, drawing has not been made an obligatory sub- 

 ject in the elementary schools of England, and the Depart- 

 ment at South Kensington has encouraged instruction in 

 drawing in elementary schools by making " payments on 

 resul'ts." In the year 1884, 778,830 pupils received instruc- 

 tion in drawing, for which the Department made a grant of 

 ^33,129. The total amount of the Department's subven- 

 tion towards art in the year 1884 was ;^66,652. 



