15 
and that the young animals from Africa, observed by himself 
and Tulpius, are simply young Pongos. 
In the meanwhile, the Dutch naturalist, Vosmaer, gave, in 
1778, a very good account and figure of a young Orang, 
brought alive to Holland, and his countryman, the famous 
anatomist, Peter Camper, published (1779) an essay on the 
Orang-Utan of similar value to that of Tyson on the Chim- 
panzee. He dissected several females and a male, all of 
which, from the state of their skeleton and their dentition, 
he justly supposes to have been young. However, judging 
by the analogy of man, he concludes that they could not have 
exceeded four feet in height in the adult condition. Further- 
more, he is very clear as to the specific distinctness of the 
true East Indian Orang. 
«The Orang,” says he, ‘‘ differs not only from the Pigmy 
of Tyson and from the Orang of Tulpius by its peculiar colour 
and its long toes, but also by its whole external form. Its 
arms, its hands, and its feet are longer, while the thumbs, on 
the contrary, are much shorter, and the great toes much 
smaller in proportion.”* And again, “The true Orang, 
that is to say, that of Asia, that of Borneo, is consequently 
not the Pithecus, or tail-less Ape, which the Greeks, and 
especially Galen, have described. It is neither the Pongo 
nor the Jocko, nor the Orang of Tulpius, nor the Pigmy of 
Tyson,—it is an animal of a peculiar species, as 1 shall 
prove in the clearest manner by the organs of voice and the 
skeleton in the following chapters,” (1. c. p. 64). 
A few years later, M. Radermacher, who held a high office 
in the Government of the Dutch dominions in India, and 
was an active member of the Batavian Society of Arts and 
Sciences, published, in the second part of the Transactions of 
that Society, a Description of the Island of Borneo, which 
was written between the years 1779 and 1781, and, among 
* Camper, Ciuvres, I., p. 56. 
+ Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap. Tweede Deel. Derde 
Druk. 1826. 
