84 
to the great ape is preserved; in other and most important 
respects, the dentition is extremely different. Instead of 20 
teeth in the milk set, there are 24: instead of 32 teeth in the 
permanent set, there are 36, the false molars being increased 
from eight to twelve. And in form, the crowns of the molars 
are very unlike those of the Gorilla, and differ far more 
widely from the human pattern. 
The Marmosets, on the other hand, exhibit the same num- 
ber of teeth as Man and the Gorilla; but, notwithstanding 
- this, their’ dentition is very different, for they have four more 
false molars, like the other American monkeys — but as 
they have four fewer true molars, the total remains the 
same. And passing from the American apes to the Lemurs, 
the dentition becomes still more completely and essentially 
different from that of the Gorilla. The incisors begin to 
vary both in number and in form. The molars acquire, more 
and more, a many-pointed, insectivorous character, and in one 
Genus, the Aye-Aye (Cheiromys), the canines disappear, and 
the teeth completely simulate those of a Rodent (Fig. 18). 
Hence it is obvious that, greatly as the dentition of the 
‘highest Ape differs from that of Man, it differs far more 
widely from that of the lower and lowest Apes. 
Whatever part of the animal fabric—whatever series of 
muscles, whatever viscera might be selected for comparison— 
the result would be the same—the lower Apes and the Gorilla 
would differ more than the Gorilla and the Man. I cannot 
attempt in this place to follow out all these comparisons in 
detail, and indeed it is unnecessary I should do so. But cer- 
tain real, or supposed, structural distinctions between man and 
the apes remain, upon which so much stress has been laid, 
that they require careful consideration, in order that the 
true value may be assigned to those which are real, and the 
emptiness of those which are fictitious may be exposed. I 
refer to the characters of the hand, the foot, and the brain. 
Man has been defined as the only animal possessed of two 
