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muscle in the hand exactly corresponds with this, which is 
eminently a foot muscle. 
To resume—the foot of man is distinguished from his hand 
by the following absolute anatomical differences :— 
1. By the arrangement of the tarsal bones. 
2. By having a short flexor and a short extensor muscle 
of the digits. 
3. By possessing the muscle termed peroneus longus. 
And if we desire to ascertain whether the terminal division 
of a limb, in other Primates, is to be called a foot or a hand, 
it is by the presence or absence of these characters that we 
must be guided, and not by the mere proportions and greater 
or lesser mobility of the great toe, which may vary indefi- 
nitely without any fundamental alteration in the structure 
of the foot. 
Keeping these considerations in mind, let us now turn to 
the limbs of the Gorilla. The terminal division of the fore 
limb presents no difficulty—bone for bone and muscle for 
muscle, are found to be arranged essentially as in man, or with 
such minor differences as are found as varieties in man. The 
Gorilla’s hand is clumsier, heavier, and has a thumb some- 
what shorter in proportion than that of man; but no one has 
ever doubted its being a true hand. 
At first sight, the termination of the hind limb of the Go- 
rilla looks very hand-like, and as it is still more so in many 
of the lower apes, it is not wonderful that the appellation 
“ Quadrumana,” or four-handed creatures, adopted from the 
older anatomists* by Blumenbach, and unfortunately rendered 
* In speaking of the foot of his “ Pygmie,” Tyson remarks, p. 13 :— 
‘ But this part-in the formation and in its function too, being liker a Hand 
than a Foot: for the distinguishing this sort of animals from others, I have 
thought whether it might not be reckoned and called rather Quadru-manus 
than Quadrupes, é.e. a four-handed rather than a four-footed animal.” 
As this passage was published in 1699, M. I. G. St. Hilaire is clearly in 
error in ascribing the invention of the term “ quadrumanous” to Buffon, though 
“‘bimanous” may belong to him. Tyson uses “ Quadrumanus” in several 
