93 
that of most lower apes, contains nine bones, while in the 
Gorilla, as in Man and the Chimpanzee, there are only eight. 
The Orang’s foot (Fig. 20) is still more aberrant; its very 
long toes and short tarsus, short great toe, short and raised 
heel, great obliquity of articulation in the leg, and absence of 
along flexor tendon to the great toe, separating it far more 
widely from the foot of the Gorilla than the latter is separated 
from that of Man. 
But, in some of the lower apes, the hand and foot diverge 
still more from those of the Gorilla, than they do in the 
Orang. The thumb ceases to be opposable in the American 
monkeys ; is reduced to a mere rudiment covered by the 
skin in the Spider Monkey; and is directed forwards and 
armed with a curved claw like the other digits, in the Mar- 
mosets—so that, in all these cases, there can be no doubt 
but that the hand is more different from that of the Gorilla 
than the Gorilla’s hand is from Man’s. 
And as to the foot, the great toe of the Marmoset is still 
more insignificant in proportion than that of the Orang— 
while in the Lemurs it is very large, and as completely thumb- 
like and opposable as in the Gorilla—but in these animals 
the second toe is often irregularly modified, and in some 
species the two principal bones of the tarsus, the astragalus 
and the os calcis, are so immensely elongated as to render 
the foot, so far, totally unlike that of any other mammal. 
So with regard to the muscles. The short flexor of the 
toes of the Gorilla differs from that of Man by the circum- 
stance that one slip of the muscle is attached, not to the heel 
bone, but to the tendons of the long flexors. The lower Apes 
depart from the Gorilla by an exaggeration of the same 
character, two, three, or more, slips becoming fixed to the 
long flexor tendons—or by a multiplication of the slips.— 
Again, the Gorilla differs slightly from Man in the mode of 
interlacing of the long flexor tendons: and the lower apes 
differ from the Gorilla in exhibiting yet other, sometimes 
very complex, arrangements of the same ‘parts, and occa- 
sionally in the absence of the accessory fleshy bundle. 
