137 
In a subsequent passage, Dr. Schaaffhausen remarks : 
‘‘ There is no reason whatever for regarding the unusual 
development of the frontal sinuses in the remarkable skull 
from the Neanderthal as an individual or pathological de- 
formity; it is unquestionably a typical race-character, and 
is physiologically connected with the uncommon thickness 
of the other bones of the skeleton, which exceeds by about 
one-half the usual proportions. This expansion of the frontal 
sinuses, which are appendages of the air-passages, also indi- 
cates an unusual force and power of endurance in the move- 
ments of the body, as may be concluded from the size of all the 
ridges and processes for the attachment of the muscles or 
bones. That this conclusion may be drawn from the exist- 
ence of large frontal sinuses, and a prominence of the lower 
frontal region, is confirmed in many ways by other observa- 
tions. By the same characters, according to Pallas, the wild 
horse is distinguished from the domesticated, and, according 
to Cuvier, the fossil cave-bear from every recent species of bear, 
whilst, according to Roulin, the pig, which has become wild 
in America, and regained a resemblance to the wild boar, is 
thus distinguished from the same animal in the domesticated 
state, as is the chamois from the goat; and, lastly, the bull- 
dog, which is characterised by its large bones and strongly- 
developed muscles from every other kind of dog. The esti- 
mation of the facial angle, the determination of which, 
according to Professor Owen, is also difficult in the great 
apes, owing to the very prominent supra-orbital ridges, in 
the present case is rendered still more difficult from the 
absence both of the auditory opening and of the nasal spine. 
But if the proper horizontal position of the skull be taken 
from the remaining portions of the orbital plates, and the 
ascending line made to touch the surface of the frontal bone 
behind the prominent supra-orbital ridges, the facial angle 
is not found to exceed 56°°* Unfortunately, no portions 
* Estimating the facial angle in the way suggested, on the cast I should place 
it at 64° to 67°.—G. B. 
