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from both the crania, so that there is no means of deciding, with 
certainty, whether they weremore or less prognathous than the 
lower existing racesof mankind. And yet, as we have seen, it 
is more in this respect than any other, that human skulls vary, 
towards and from, the brutal type—the brain case of an average 
dolichocephalic European differing far less from that of a 
Negro, for example, than his jaws do. In the absence of the 
jaws, then, any judgment on the relations of the fossil skulls 
to recent Races must be accepted with a certain reservation. 
But taking the evidence as it stands, and turning first to 
the Engis skull, I confess I can find no character in the 
remains of that cranium which, if it were a recent skull, 
would give any trustworthy clue as to the Race to which it 
might appertain. Its contours and measurements agree very 
well with those of some Australian skulls which I have ex- 
amined—and especially has it a tendency towards that 
occipital flattening, to the great extent of which, in some 
Australian skulls, I have alluded. But all Australian skulls 
do not present this flattening, and the supraciliary ridge of 
the Engis skull is quite unlike that of the typical Austra- 
lians. 
On the other hand, its measurements agree equally well 
with those of some European skulls. And assuredly, there 
is no mark of degradation about any part of its structure. 
It is, in fact, a fair average human skull, which might have 
belonged to a philosopher, or might have contained the 
thoughtless brains of a savage. 
The case of the Neanderthal skull is very different. Under 
whatever aspect we view this cranium, whether we regard its 
vertical depression, the enormous thickness of its supraciliary 
ridges, its sloping occiput, or its long and straight squamosal 
suture, we meet with ape-like characters, stamping it as the 
most pithecoid of human crania yet discovered. But Professor 
Schaaffhausen states (supra, p. 131), that the cranium, in its 
present condition, holds 1033.24 cubic centimetres of water, 
or about 63 cubic inches, and as the entire skull could hardly 
