157 
have held less than an additional 12 cubic inches, its capa- 
city may be estimated at about 75 cubic inches, which is the 
average capacity given by Morton for Polynesian and Hot- 
tentot skulls. 
So large a mass of brain as this, would alone suggest that 
the pithecoid tendencies, indicated by this skull, did not 
extend deep into the organization; and this conclusion is 
borne out by the dimensions of the other bones of the skele- 
ton given by Professor Schaaffhausen, which show that the 
absolute’ height and relative proportions of the limbs, were 
quite those of an European of middle stature. The bones 
are indeed stouter, but this and the great development of the 
muscular ridges noted by Dr. Schaaffhausen, are characters 
to be expected in savages. The Patagonians, exposed with- 
out shelter or protection to a climate possibly not very 
dissimilar from that of Europe at the time during which the 
Neanderthal man lived, are remarkable for the stoutness of 
their limb bones. 
In no sense, then, can the Neanderthal bones be regarded 
as the remains of a human being intermediate between Men 
and Apes. At most, they demonstrate the existence of a 
Man whose skull may be said to revert somewhat towards the 
pithecoid type —just as a Carrier, or a Pouter, or a Tumbler, 
may sometimes put on the plumage of its primitive stock, 
the Columba livia. And indeed, though truly the most 
pithecoid of known human skulls, the Neanderthal cranium 
is by no means so isolated as it appears to be at first, but 
forms, in reality, the extreme term of a series leading gradu- 
ally from it to the highest and best developed of human 
crania. On the one hand, it is closely approached by the 
flattened Australian skulls, of which I have spoken, from 
which other Australian forms lead us gradually up to skulls 
having very much the type of the Engis cranium. And, on 
the other hand, it is even more closely affined to the skulls 
of certain ancient people who inhabited Denmark during the 
‘stone period,’ and were probably either contemporaneous 
