12 FIELD NOTES OK APPLE CULTURE. 



old orchards whose crooked trunks record early damages 

 from winds. 



A good windbreak is the surest protection to an orchard. 

 A windbreak may be made too dense, however. A wall- 

 like hedge of evergreens is apt to obstruct atmospheric 

 drainage. A double or triple row of deciduous trees, 

 with a few spruces intermixed, appears to be the most 

 desirable. The best protected orchard I ever saw was one 

 planted behind another orchard. The exposed orchard 

 suffered much, however. If the hard winds are mostly 

 from one direction the windbreak may not be needed on 

 all sides. 



