214 The Commercial Apple Industry 



Apple red bugs. 



Red bugs (Heterocordylus malinus and Lygidea men- 

 dux) have come into prominence chiefly in New York state. 

 They do not seem to have spread to the Middle or Far 

 West, although they are more prevalent in Connecticut and 

 on up through New England into Nova Scotia. These 

 insects puncture the apples early in the season, causing 

 them to drop before maturity or to be misshapen and un- 

 dersized. Nicotine sulfate, 1 to 800, combined with the 

 pink spray for the scab has given best results. A repe- 

 tition of the nicotine application with the calyx spray 

 may be necessary. 



Apple-tree tent-caterpillar (Malacosoma americana). 



The ordinary spray program including lead arsenate 

 usually controls the tent-caterpillar and rarely is it a 

 serious pest. The nests may be destroyed with torches and 

 the egg-masses may be detached and removed while the 

 trees are leafless. (See Plate XV.) 



Round-headed apple-tree borer (Saperda Candida). 



This insect may be particularly injurious to young apple 

 trees and even matured ones. The larvaB attack the trees 

 near the base and feed for the first season under the bark, 

 later tunneling deeper into the wood during the second and 

 third years. In infested orchards, trees should be wormed 

 annually with a knife and wire. Painting the trunks with 

 pure white lead and oil from a few inches below the ground 

 to a foot above may serve as a repellent and reduce egg 

 deposition by the adult beetle. Egg deposition begins in 



