232 The Commercial Apple Industry 



railing are suitable material. Wooden towers are more 

 inexpensive. When trees are close together, a tower sup- 

 porting a single wooden bar or " horse " which the tower- 

 man may straddle is a more suitable form. 



Nearly every grower has a favorite type of nozzle and 

 there are many different designs. In the main there are 

 two broad classifications, the Vermorel or eddy-chamber 

 nozzle and the Bordeaux type. With the former, the spray 

 is introduced into an eddy chamber and leaves the artifice 

 in a cone shape mist. With the Bordeaux nozzle, the 

 spray leaves the nozzle with a direct force, but is deflected 

 into a fan shape by striking an obtrusive bar or lip. The 

 Bordeaux nozzle provides a more direct driving spray and 

 is preferred by many growers for the calyx spray when it 

 is desirable to drive the poison down into the calyx cups. 

 For cover sprays, the eddy-chamber nozzle is more popular. 

 In the first place it does not wear out so quickly. It also 

 uses spray material more economically than the Bordeaux 

 nozzle and does not catch on the branches. While the 

 Bordeaux nozzle will deliver 2*/2 gallons to 3 gallons a 

 minute under 200-pound pressure, the eddy-chamber deliv- 

 ers from ~L l /z to 2 gallons. The Bordeaux nozzle causing 

 a driving, fan shaped spray is heartily indorsed by some 

 for the calyx application. For thorough work it may be 

 more effective, although for an all-round nozzle the 

 " Friend " type or disc nozzle is desirable. 



Hired sprayers. 



In some regions, particularly in the northwestern irri- 

 gated sections, it is often customary to hire a spraying 

 outfit by the day or hour. Thus one grower may do his 

 own spraying and that of several neighbors. The small 



