4. presence of cover and loafing areas such as 

 logjams, debris piles, mid-stream rocks, gravel bars. 



5. presence of brood rearing areas such as beaver 

 ponds, stream braids, meanders, side channels. 



As we study more populations of harlequins our understanding 

 of winter and summer habitat may change or become more refined. 



SURVEY AREA 



Our survey area included streams and rivers in northwest 

 and west-central portions of Montana (Figure 1) , lands primarily 

 within the Kootenai National Forest (KNF) . Additionally, we also 

 sampled 8 streams on the Lolo National Forest (LNF) (Figure 2) . 

 For logistical purposes, we roughly divided the survey area into 

 northern and southern portions with each of us focusing on a 

 portion. Land ownership is primarily United States Forest 

 Service (USFS) with scattered areas of State, private, and 

 private industry lands. 



METHODS 



We selected streams to survey that had records of harlequin 

 duck sightings, possessed the likelihood of containing attributes 

 of harlequin habitat, or were recommended to us by Forest Service 

 personnel or local naturalists. 



We conducted two types of surveys: a spring occurrence 



