INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 459 



whereas iu the former the calyptra is adnate for three-fourths 

 of its length with the hollow torus, in the latter it is entirely 

 adnate. The tissue of the leaves has large intercellular 

 passages, and is minutely echinulate. In Geocalyx graveolens, 

 I find the same loose cells, but no echinulations. Gymnanthe 

 setulosa is remarkable for its hispid stem. 



14. JUNGERMANNIDE^, iVees. 



Perianth free, terminal, herbaceous, generally exserted, 

 sometimes concealed by the involucre, but in that case distinct ; 

 leaves succubous. 



504. This tribe contains the large mass of the succubous 

 leaved Jungermannicv, and a great many of the finer species, 

 approaching in size some of the smaller Ferns, and resembling 

 them in their filmy aspect. They are found in all countries ; 

 but nowhere, perhaps, do they luxuriate so much as in New 

 Zealand. The greater number of species occur in the tropics, 

 Jungerriiannia alone has its maximum in Europe. Plagio- 

 chila contains a hundred species, while Jungermannia has 

 nearly half as many more, and Chiloscyjjhus nearly fifty. 

 Their succubous leaves and free perianths are their distinguish- 

 ing markvS. Few Cryptogams exceed in beauty some of the 

 Plagiochilce, and we are not without one fine species, P. 

 asplenioides. Sphagnocetis communis is found very com- 

 monly amongst Sphagnum., creeping by means of long flagelli- 

 form radical fibres ; the cells of the leaves are round and quite 

 distinct from each other, with large intercellular spaces. Chi- 

 loscyphus has a short deeply cleft perianth, often shorter than 

 the calyptra. Lophocolea has crested j^erianths. Liochlcena 

 lanceolata has the perianth arched and remarkably truncate. 

 In Jungermannia proper, it is lalicato-angular above and 

 cleft ; in Scapania, even, compressed above and below, with 

 folded leaves; while in Plagiochila it is bilabiate, and laterally 

 compressed. 



15. Gymnomitria, Nees. 



Perianth wanting, or connate with the involucre ; calyptra 

 svirrounded by the involucre ; leaves succubous. 



505. This tribe contains the few remaining genera of succu- 

 bous Jungermannia, which, with one or two exceptions, are 



