178 BOOT MATTERS IN SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROBLEMS, 



a. 



THE Production and 

 Exchange. 



Labotjr 1. 



(Present Labour). 



Instead, tlierefore, of dwelling upon the contradictions 

 involved by the inconsistent use of these terms, it may serve 

 a good purpose if we discuss ideas rather than ttrms before 

 involving the issues with a fruitless logomachy regarding 

 unstable definitions. First, let us honestly try to bring under 

 the first category all the elements or ideas that are necessary 

 to be reckoned with in making it complete, viz.: — 



What are the necessary powers and forces now used in 

 the effectual production of wants in exchange. 



To realise these powers and forces it will admit of clearer 

 apprehension if they be classified in tabular order thus : — 



(A.) Agents or Powers Necessary to be Employed in 

 ~ Preservation of Wants in 



Of highly -sTcilled minds in the 

 determination of the modes in 

 which labour may be made 

 most productive; labour thus 

 devoted may be the means of 

 adding from two to many 

 times the effective power of 

 the physical force of the 

 labourer of mere brute force. 

 Types : The inventor of spin- 

 ning jenny, steam-engine, 

 director of operations, etc. 



Highly -skilled hands. Types : 

 Mechanic, carpenter, weaver. 



Ordinary skilled hands. Types: 

 Navvy, messenger, ploughman, 

 shepherd. 



Products of food, clothing, 

 shelter, etc., on hand in smaller 

 or greater proportions by dif- 

 ferent persons ; the fruit of 

 previous labour and other forces 

 saved (1) partly by greater 

 individual economy, or abste- 

 miousness in the consumption 

 or enjoyment of wants pre- 

 viously earned ; or (2), the 

 saved and preserved surplus of 

 previous earnings, due to the 

 products of previous labour and 

 skill being much greater than 

 the power to reasonably con- 

 sume or enjoy. 



Indirect Frttits of 



Labour and Skill 



(Anterior Labour of 



Bastiat). 



