BY R. M. JOHNSTON, F.L.S. 



18a 



(3.) A system of pipes and waterworks, with a staff of 

 men to maintain and work the system, capable of 

 transferring at least 1,342 tons of water per day, 

 i.e., 300,000 gallons. 



We may now, in a tabular form, compare the effectiveness 

 and cost of the three modes as follows. To supply 15,000 

 persons : — 



It is here clearly demonstrated that by the accession of 

 anterior labour, or the fruit of applied previous labour saved 

 from personal consumption, and skilfully applied in accord- 

 ance with the knowledge which man has gained with respect 

 to natural laws, the effective power of each man's labour is 

 multiplied 3,261 times, and the cost to consumer is reduced 

 thereby to about xxgoth of that which it would cost if the 

 proportion of anterior labour was at a minimum. 



That is — when in the combined service of anterior and 

 present labour, anterior labour only represented 0-27 per cent, 

 of the combined service — 'the cost of water would be ^66 10s. 

 per 100 gallons to consumer ; but when the proportions were 

 reversed, and anterior labour represented 96*97 per cent, of the 

 combined service, the cost of water would be reduced to 1'^^ 

 per 100 gallons. It will readily be perceived, therefore, that 

 the mere accompaniment of " two hands to each fresh mouth " 

 is insignificant as a force to effect improvement in the con- 

 dition of the individual consumer of needs without a cor- 

 responding gain in anterior labour. 



Why the present population of the United Kingdom and 

 her colonies do not individually perceive the full benefit of 

 the immense addition made to the store of anterior labour 

 now used as an important auxiliary to the force of present 

 labour, is not because of a failure in the production or in the 



