April 22, 1887.] 



SCIENCE. 



387 



EXPLORATION AND TRAVEL. 

 The Stanley expedition and Emin Pasha. 



While Stanley is proceeding up the Kongo to 

 relieve Emin Pasha, nevps has been received that 

 the latter is safe and well, though unable to leave 

 his province. A Somali trader from Uganda has 

 arrived at Zanzibar, confirming former news that 

 Emin Pasha was established at Wadelai. He had 

 two small steamers plying on the White Nile and 

 on Lake Mvutan. In November, four months 

 later than the advices brought by Dr. Junker, 

 Emin Pasha visited the capital of Unyoro, which 

 is situated on the north-west shore of the Albert 

 Nyanza. He was accompanied by Dr. Vita Has- 

 san, ten Egyptian officers, three Greeks, and four 

 negroes. From there he sent a message to 

 Mwanga, the young king of Uganda, requesting 

 an audience. The king consented to receive him 

 if he came without his followers, and Emin Pasha 

 thereupon went to him, accompanied by Dr. Vita 

 Hassan and the three Greeks. After he had 

 staid seventeen days with the king, he asked for 

 permission to pass through his territory toward 

 Zanzibar ; but Mwanga, upon hearing this request, 

 ordered them to return the way'they came. The 

 Somali who made this statement says that the 

 messengers despatched from Zanzibar to inform 

 Emin Pasha that Stanley had gone with an ex- 

 pedition by way of the Kongo to rescue him, were 

 detained in Unyanyembe. The frequent news 

 from Emin reaching us by way of Zanzibar en- 

 courages us to hope that he will succeed in leaving 

 the district in which he is now imprisoned. 



Meanwhile Stanley is proceeding by the Kongo 

 route, and Tippo-Tip's couriers are on the way 

 to Stanley Falls in order to make preparations for 

 the northward journey. Stanley's observations 

 and plans are set forth at some length in two let- 

 ters from Zanzibar published in the London Times. 

 On leaving Zanzibar on board the Madura, his ex- 

 pedition numbered 709 men. The contract he 

 made with Tippo-Tip is of considerable interest. 

 He found this enterprising trader to be of far 

 greater importance than in 1877, when he escorted 

 Stanley's caravan lo the Kongo. It is practically 

 in his power to close the roads leading frotn the 

 east coast to the upper Kongo. Stanley engaged 

 him and his followers to accompany him from 

 Stanley Falls to the region north of Lake Tangan- 

 yika, and to have the ivory belonging to Emin 

 Pasha — which, according to Dr. Junker, amounts 

 to seventy-five tons — carried back to the Kongo. 

 But, besides this, he has appointed him governor 

 of the Stanley Falls station, which was lost to the 

 Arabs some time ago. It will be remembered 

 that the object for which the station was es- 



tablished was to prevent the Arabs from ex- 

 tending their influence farther down the Kongo. 

 Since the loss of the station, they descend the 

 river, and are said to have reached the Ban- 

 galla station. Tippo-Tip's duties will be princi- 

 pally to defend Stanley Falls, in the name of 

 the state, against all Arabs and natives. The 

 flag of the station will be that of the state. At 

 all hazards, he is to defeat and capture all persons 

 raiding the territory for slaves, and to disperse all 

 bodies of men who may be justly suspected of 

 violent designs. He is to abstain from all slave 

 traffic below the Falls himself, and to prevent all 

 in his command from trading in slaves. In order 

 to insure a faithful performance of his engage- 

 ments with the state, a European officer is to be 

 appointed resident at the Falls, By this contract, 

 the upper Kongo is actually surrendered to the 

 Arabs, for those Arabs who were to be prevented 

 from descending the Kongo beyond Stanley FaUs 

 are Tippo-Tip's men, who, to be siu-e, will not ab- 

 stain from the profitable slave trade on the Kongo, 

 as demanded by this contract. Stanley's action, 

 and Baumann's description of Stanley Falls in 

 the Proceedings of the Geographical society of 

 Vienna, show that the Arabs are actually the 

 masters of the upper Kongo, and that the Kongo 

 Free State is utterly powerless there. 



As the fate of Emin Pasha forms the central 

 point of interest in Central Africa, some biograph- 

 ical notes may be welcome. According to Dr. 

 Wolkenhauer {Deutsche geogr. Blatt., 1887, No. 1), 

 his name is Eduard Schnitzer, not Schnitzler. as he 

 was generally called. He was born at Oppeln, in 

 Prussian Silesia, in 1840. but his family removed 

 soon after his birth to Neisse. After having gone 

 through the gymnasium of that town, he studied 

 medicine at the university of Breslau, and passed 

 his examinations, about 1864. at Berlin. His 

 favorite studies from early boyhood were natural 

 sciences, more particularly zoology, and he had 

 always longed to visit foreign countries. Having 

 passed his examinations, he went to Turkey, and 

 was appointed physician of the district and port 

 of Antivari. In 1870 he became attached to the 

 household of Ismael Hacki Pasha, whom he fol- 

 lowed to Trebizond, Erzerum, Constantinople, and 

 Yanina. When his patron died, toward the close 

 of 1873, he accompanied his family to Constanti- 

 nople. After a short visit to Germany in 1875, he 

 returned to the Orient, and obtained an appoint- 

 ment as surgeon in the Egyptian army. Subse- 

 quently he served under Gordon Pasha, who ap- 

 pointed him surgeon-general, and, in 1878, governor 

 of the Equatorial Province. His principal re- 

 searches, besides his explorations and the ad minis- 

 tration of his province, were ornithological ; and 



