An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 35 



considered a relict of a former boreal vegetation is surrounded 

 by a swamp of later formation and which belongs to the normal 

 hydrophytic vegetation of the present climatic conditions ;^^ and 

 4, because in the northern habitat, bog societies are usually 

 related to conifer forests as a climax tree vegetation and the 

 succession is unbroken thru the following zones : the pond or 

 lake with i, floating; 2, fixed aquatics; 3, the littoral marsh; 

 4, shore ; 5, bog meadow ; 6, low shrub or heath zone ; 7, high 

 shrub zone ; 8, conifer forest which in some bogs is succeeded 

 by 9, hardwood forest. In the cranberry b'og the eighth or 

 conifer zone is wanting and never seems to have been developed. 



So far as I know\, no conifer logs or other evidences of 

 conifers have been found in the island, in the peat forming the 

 bed of the lake or in the immediate vicinity of the lake, that is, 

 wathin less than ten miles. 



Altho the present Ohio forests are dominantly of the hard- 

 wood type, there are noteworthy remnants of former perhaps 

 much more extensive conifer forests in the northwestern, north- 

 ern and northeastern counties, especially those thru which the 

 divide between the lake and Ohio River basins passes. Here 

 were and still are, extensive Tamarack swamps. In the southern 

 half of the State there are now no extensive conifer tracts, nor 

 with one exception are the conifers dominant when associated 

 with deciduous species but form always a scattering growth. 

 Pinus virginiana occurs in the gorge of the Licking River in 

 Licking County, on the sandstone hills in the valley of the 

 Hocking in Fairfield and Hocking counties, and then follows 

 the divide between the Scioto and Hocking rivers to the Ohio 

 River; it also occurs in Scioto and Adams counties farther west. 

 Pinus rigida is associated with P. virginiana on the sandstone 

 hills of Fairfield and Hocking counties and occurs also in Jack- 

 son and Scioto counties. The Hemlock (Tsiiga canadensis) 

 has a scattering representation over the State, occurring quite as 

 frequently in the southern as in the northern part. It is quite 

 abundant on the hills of Fairfield and Hocking counties, where, 



