56 DR. B. C. A. WINDLE ON THE [Feb. 1, 



process of the atlas, and is inserted into the spine of the scapula and 

 acromion process as far as its apex. Pectoralis ujajor consists of 

 two layers folded in upon one anotlier so as to present a rounded 

 anterior border without any trace of division. The superficial portion 

 arises from the clavicle and from the sternum as low down as the 

 upper part of the xiphoid cartilage. Tliis part is inserted (1) as 

 usual, (2) into a common tendon with the deltoid. The deeper 

 portion arises from the cartilages of the true ribs from the third to 

 the last. This is inserted by two distinct slips, one of which passes 

 to the tip of the acromion process, and the second to the fascia of 

 the shoulder-joint and to the humerus external to the biceps, and as 

 low down as to the upper edge of the attachment of the superficial 

 portion. As has been above observed, there is no trace of the du- 

 plicity of these muscular sheets at the edge ; in fact it is only by 

 dissecting carefully through the outer that the inner is reached. 

 This inner sheet is obviously the pectoralis minor, and the condition 

 present is one of extreme fusion of the two pectoral muscles ; or, per- 

 haps better, of complete tucking-in of the p. major to form p. minor. 



Subclavius is strong and well-marked, a fact which corresponds 

 ■with the comparatively small and freely movable clavicle. Ssrratus 

 magnus and levator anguli scapulas form, a single undivided sheet. 

 Latissimius dorsi sends down a fairly broad but very thin latissimo- 

 eondyloideus to the olecranon, Coraco-brachiahs is inserted into 

 the humerus (1) in the usual position ; (2) from this point as far 

 down as the upper part of the internal condyle. The long head of 

 the triceps is very large and arises from rather more than one third 

 of the axillary border of the scapula. Flexor profundus digitorum 

 consists of two parts which unite under the annular ligament : the 

 first arises from the internal condyle, the second from the radius, ulna, 

 and interosseous ligament. There are three lumbricales, passing to 

 minimus, annularis, and medius. Extensor communis digitorum 

 sends a shp to each digit. Extensor indicis supplies that digit alone ; 

 and extensor minimi digiti sends tendons to minimus and annularis. 

 Pollex has one extensor. There is no supinator longus. 



Minimus has an abductor arising entirely from the pisiform, an 

 opponens and a flexor brevis. The last arises from a small ossicle 

 imbedded in the palmar fascia, slightly to the radial side of the 

 centre of the palm and at its proximal portion. Prom this also 

 arise the few fibres representing flexor brevis pollicis. This last 

 diminutive digit has also on its outer side a few fibres representing 

 abductor and opponens, and on its inner side an excessively rudi- 

 mentary adductor. Minimus has an interosseous on its radial side ; 

 and each of the remaining digits has a pair lying in the same plane 

 on its palmar surface. 



Abdominal Muscles. — At the upper part of the abdomen, the 

 three usual lateral muscles are present and distinct ; at the lower 

 portion, as the fibres of the internal oblique and transversahs run 

 ])arallel and are closely connected with one another, there can hardly 

 be said to be any true differentiation between them. From the 

 aponeurosis of the external oblique a sheet of fascia passes down upon 

 the large funicular process of peritoneum containing the testicle. 



