200 



(4.) Water temperature: (a) Migration initiation; (6) Disease susceptibility; (c) 

 Predator concentration and metabolic rate of predators; id) Controls smolt and adult 

 migration. 



(5.) Predators: (a) Squaw Fish; (6) Sea Lions; (c) Harbor Seals; id) Chad; (e) Cat- 

 fish; if) Bass; (g) Trout; (h) Walleye; (i) Steelhead; (J) Birds; ik) Ocean predators. 



(6.) Gas bubble trauma and spill volume flip-lip effects: (a) Water temperature; 

 (6) Flow volumes; (c) Spill channel designs. 



(7.) River and estuary turbidity — water toxicity and quality. 



(8.) Hatchery vs wild fish survival: (a) Diseased hatchery smolts and disease 

 transmittal during barging, migration and breeding; (6) Survival savvy; (c) Inter- 

 breeding — weakening wild stock strains. 



(9.) Fish stress (susceptible to disease, predators and delayed mortality): (a) 

 Hatchery handling; (b) PIT tagging; (c) Barging and/or trucking (collection methods, 

 transportation and dispersal); (d) Turbines; (e) Spill; (/) Descaling — debris at dams. 



(10.) Climate: (a) River flows — droughts; ib) Temperatures — river and reservoirs; 

 (c) El-Nino Ocean efliects; id) Predator concentrations and locations; ie) Food supply 

 in migration corridor and ocean. 



(11.) Food supply for SR salmon: (a) Number of smolts migrating at a given time; 

 ib) River conditions; (c) Reservoir conditions (-400 miles); id) Estuary (-150 

 miles); ie) Ocean. 



(12.) Barging: (a) Stress; (6) Disease susceptibility and transmittal; (c) Delayed 

 mortality; id) Release methods and locations. 



(13.) Unscreened diversions — surface streams and pumps. 



(14.) Adult Fall-Back: (a) Turbine mortality; ib) Lost in system; (c) Injury and de- 

 layed mortality; id) Depleted energy — can't make it or too poor condition to repro- 

 duce. 



(15.) Fishing — harvesting in CR, SR and Oceans: (a) Sport; (6) Commercial; (c) 

 Tribes; id) Illegal — ocean, estuary and rivers; ie) Accidental takes; if) Gill netting. 



(16.) Dam passage delays — configurations, flows and temperatures: (a) Smolts; (b) 

 Adults. 



(17.) Ocean Environment: (a) Predators, food supply, harvesting and other un- 

 knowns. 



(18.) Spawning stream conditions — habitat. 



(19.) Recreation. 



Senator Kempthorne [presiding]. To all members of the panel; 

 I want to express on behalf of all Senators that were here earlier 

 this afternoon our great appreciation. You have traveled many 

 miles to provide us with your good insight. 



I have some questions that I would like to ask each member of 

 the panel. Then, too, I know that other Senators have questions 

 that they had hoped to ask you, which we may submit to you in 

 writing, but being sensitive to the fact that perhaps not all of you 

 have staff, so we do not want to put an undue burden on you. So 

 we will make you aware of those questions, and to the extent you 

 can provide us with some responses, it would be appreciated. 



With that, Mr. Sampson, let me start with you, if I may. Earlier 

 in the hearing, Senator Murkowski raised the issue of the Snake 

 River fall chinook and the concept of genetic purity. What is your 

 perspective on the stringency to which we should apply genetics to 

 salmon production? 



Mr. Sampson. Well, as you know, the tribes, for the past 20 

 years, have gone on record in supporting the use of hatcheries for 

 what we call supplementation, and the concept is that we actually 

 use those fish, which all of these fish have come from wild stock 

 that are now reared in the hatchery programs. Over 75 percent of 

 the fish produced in the Columbia basin have been reared in hatch- 

 eries. 



We believe, particularly on the Snake River, with fall chinook, 

 that as the Senator was saying, is that it is time that we put those 

 fish that are reared in the Lion's Ferry Hatchery back into the 

 river. 



