OKLAHOMA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 75 



this material was often used. Obsidian implements increase in 

 number as one approaches the New Mexico volcanic region, just 

 as the agatized dolomite implements are more abundant in the 

 Panhandle country and western Oklahoma and Kansas. In Old- 

 ham County, Texas, some forty miles northwest of Amarillo, along 

 the bluffs and breaks of Alamosa Creek there is a high, rounded, 

 flat-topped hill, known locally as "Indian Mound". On top of 

 this hil] which occupies possibly half an acre in extent, there are 

 the remnants of twenty or more Indian dwellings, circular depres- 

 sions which once formed the site of a teepee. Near these former 

 dwellings, there is the ordinary debris, such as bones, shards, of 

 l)roken pottery, meta,tes, stones for holding down the edges of the 

 teepees, and considerable number of implements of the chase. 

 Both oil top of this mound and on the slopes, as well as in the sur- 

 rounding region, one finds considerable amounts of the black, 

 translucent, volcanic glass, or obsidian, which probably came from 

 the northwest. 



There are certain regions in southwest Texas where Creta- 

 ceous limestone contains considerable quarries of flint nodules, or 

 concretions. Robert T. Hill, a famous Texas geologist, has named 

 several localities from which flint implements were obtained. 



Throughout the greater part of Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas 

 there are scattered on the surface, great numbers of smooth, 

 water-worn pebbles composed usually of quartz, but sometimes of 

 other materials, such as flint, quartzite, or hard limestone. It has 

 l)een one of the chief summer amusements of our young geologists, 

 or of geologists first coming to the Plains country, to attempt to 

 account for the origin of hese water-worn pebbles. Those of us 

 who have been here several years are inclined to believe that we 

 do not know anything about it. In many places tlxjese pebbles have 

 served as a source of supply for implements. Iremember finding 

 in northern Hunt County, Texas, about fifty miles northeast of 

 Dallas, several localities where one could find fragments of broken 

 quartzite and flint pebbles and even a few rejects, and the remains 

 of a workshop, and there are doubtless thousands of such places 

 scattered over the several states. 



In conculsion, the Indian used material nearest at hand, for 

 the manufacture of his arrow-heads and other implements. The 

 completed implements were evidently carried b.y the various tribes 

 for long distances. There are, on the Plains, four chief cources 

 of material for implements, namely: the Boone Chert area of the 

 Ozarks ; the Flint Hills of Oklahoma and Kansas; the Pennsyl- 



