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CHAPTER XVIII. 



PEDIGREE AND HISTORY OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. 

 I. Aijimal-Plants and Worms. 



The Natural System of the Animal K ingdom. — Linnssus and Lamarck's 

 Systems. — The Four Types of Bar and Cnvier. — Their Increase to Seven 

 Types. — Genealogical Importance of the Seven Types as Independent 

 Tribes of the Animal Kingdom. — Derivation of Zoophytes and Worms 

 from Primaeval Animals. — Monophyletic and Polyphyletic Hypothesis 

 of the Descent of the Animal Kingdom. — Common Origia of the Four 

 Higher Animal Tribes ont of the Worm Tribe. — Division of the Seven 

 Animal Tribes into Sixteen Main Classes, and Thirty-eight Classes. — Pri- 

 mseval Animals (Monera, Amoebae, Synamoebae), Gregarines, Infusoria, 

 Planaeades, and Gastraeades (Planrda and Gastrula). — Tribe of Zoophytes. 

 — Spongiae (Mncons Sponges, Fibrous Sponges, Calcareous Sponges). — 

 Sea Nettles, or Acalephae Corals, Hood-jellies, Comb-jellies). — Tribe of 

 Wormfl. 



The natural system of organisms which we must employ 

 in the animal as well as ia the vegetable kingdom, as a 

 guide in our genealogical investigations, is in both cases 

 of but recent origin, and essentially determined by the 

 progress of comparative anatomy and ontogeny (the history 

 of individual development) during the present century. 

 Almost all the attempts at classification made in the last 

 century followed the path of the artificial system, which 

 was first established in a consistent manner bv Charles 



