MAN AND APES. 269 



flexor nmscle, a short extensor muscle, and a long fibular 

 muscle). In all these respects, Apes and Semi-apes entirely 

 agree with man, and hence it was quite erroneous to 

 separate him from them as a special order on account 

 of the stronger differentiation of his hand and foot. It is 

 the same also with all the other structural featinres by 

 means of which it was attempted to distinguish Man from 

 Apes ; for example, the relative length of the limbs, the 

 structure of the skull, of the brain, etc. In aU these respects, 

 without exception, the differences between Man and the 

 higher Apes are less than the corresponding differences 

 between the higher and the lower Apes. Hence Huxley, 

 for reasons based on the most careful and most accurate 

 anatomical comparisons, arrives at the extremely important 

 conclusion — " Thus, whatever system of organs be studied, 

 the comparison of their modifications in the Ape series leads 

 to one and the same result, that the structural difterences 

 which separate Man from the Gorilla and Chimpanzee are 

 not so gTcat as those which separate the GoriUa from the 

 lower Apes." In accordance with this, Huxley, strictly 

 following the demands of logic, classes Man, Apes, and Semi- 

 apes in a single order. Penmates, and divides it into the 

 following seven families, which are of almost equal systematic 

 value : (1) Anthropini (Man) ; (2) Catarrhini (genuine Apes 

 of the Old World); (3) Platyrrhini (genuine American Apes) ; 

 (4) Ai'ctopitheci (American clawed Apes) ; (5) Lemurini 

 (short-footed and long-footed Semi-apes, p. 255) ; (6) Chir- 

 omyihi (p. 256) ; (7) Galeopithecini (Flying Lemiu's, p. 256). 

 If we wish to arrive at a natural system, and conse- 

 quently at the pedigree of the Primates, we must go a step 

 further still, and entirely separate the Semi-apes, or Prosimise, 



