SPECIES OF MEN. ^ 305 



impossible (without doing so most arbitrarily) to call any 

 one of these pairs of ape-like men " the first pair." As 

 little can we derive each of the twelve races or species 

 of men, which we shall consider directly, from a "first pair." 

 The difiiculties met with in classifying the different 

 races or species of men are quite the same as those 

 which we discover in classifying animal and vegetable, 

 species. In both cases forms apparently quite different 

 are connected with one another by a chain of inter- 

 mediate forms of transition. In both eases the dispute as to 

 what is a kind or a species, what a race or a variety, can 

 never be determined. Since Blumenbach's time, as is well 

 known, it has been thought that mankind may be divided 

 into five races or varieties, namely : (1) the Ethiopian, or 

 black race (African negro) ; (2) the Malayan, or brown race 

 (ilalays, Polynesians, and Australians) ; (3) the Mongolian, 

 or yellow race (the principal inhabitants of Asia and the 

 Esquimaux of North America) ; (4) the Americans, or red race 

 (the aborigines of America) ; and (5) the Caucasian, or white 

 race (Europeans, north Africans, and south-western Asiatics). 

 All of these five races of men, according to the Jewish legend 

 of creation, are said to have been descended from " a single 

 pair " — Adam and Eve, — and in accordance with this are said 

 to be varieties of one kind or species. If, however, we com- 

 pare them without prejudice, there can be no doubt that the 

 differences of these five races are as great and even greater 

 than the " specific differences " by which zoologists and 

 botanists distinguish recognised " good " animal and vege- 

 table species (" bonse species "). The excellent palaeontologist 

 Quenstedt is right in maintaining that, "if Negroes and 

 Caucasians were snails, zoologists would universally agree 



VOL. II. X 



