3o6 THE HISTOKY OF CREATION. 



that they represented two very excellent species, which 

 could never have originated from one pair by gradual 

 divergence." 



The characteristics by which the races of men are 

 gradually distinguished are partly taken from the formation 

 of the hair, partly from the colour of the skin, and partly 

 from the formation of the skull. In regard to the last cha- 

 racter, two extremes are distinguished, namely, long heads 

 and short heads. In long-headed men (Dolichocephali) 

 whose strongest development is found in Negroes and 

 Australians, the skull is extended, narrow, and compressed 

 on the right and left. In short-headed men (Brachycephali), 

 on the other hand, the skull is compressed in an exactly 

 opposite manner, from the front to the back, is short and 

 broad, which is especially striking in the case of the 

 Mongolians. Medium-headed men (Mesocephali), standing 

 between the two extremes, predominate especially among 

 Americans. In every one of these three groups we find 

 men with slanting teeth (Prognathi), whose jaws, like those 

 of the animal snout, strongly project, and whose front teeth 

 therefore slope in front, and men with straight teeth 

 (Orthognathi), whose jaws project but little, and whose front 

 teeth stand perpendicularly. During the last ten years a 

 oreat deal of time and trouble have been devoted to the 

 careful examination and measurement of the forms of skulls, 

 which have, however, not been rewarded by corresponding 

 results. For within a single species, as for example within 

 the Mediterranean species, the form of the skull may vary 

 so much that both extremes are met with in the same 

 species. Much better starting-points for the classification of 

 of the human species are furnished by the nature of the 



