THE MIND OF SAVAGES. 3^5 



recognition of the connection between cause and effect. In all 

 cases, as in man, it is the path of induction and deduction 

 which leads to the formation of conclusions. It is evident 

 that in all these respects the most highly developed animals 

 stand much nearer to man than to the lower animals, 

 although they are also connected with the latter by a chain 

 of gi-adual and intermediate stages. In Wundt's excellent 

 "Lectures on the Human and Animal Soul,"*'' there are a 

 number of proofs of this. 



Now, if instituting comparisons in. both directions, we 

 place the lowest and most ape-like men (the Austral 

 Negroes, Bushmen, and Andamans, etc.), on the one hand, 

 together with the most highly developed animals, for in- 

 stance, with apes, dogs, and elephants, and on the other 

 hand, with the most highly developed men — Aristotle, 

 Newton, Spinoza, Kant, Lamarck, or Goethe — we can then 

 no longer consider the assertion, that the mental life of the 

 higher mammals has gradually developed up to that of man, 

 as in any way exaggerated. If one must draw a sharp 

 boundary between them, it has to be drawn between the 

 most highly developed and civilized man on the one hand, 

 and the rudest savages on the other, and the latter have to 

 be classed with the animals. This is, in fact, the opinion 

 of many travellers, who have long watched the lowest 

 human races in their native countries. Thus, for example, 

 a great English traveller, who lived for a considerable time 

 on the west coast of Africa, says : " I consider the negro 

 to be a lower species of man, and cannot make up my 

 mind to look upon him as ' a man and a brother,' for 

 the gorilla would then also have to be admitted into the 

 family." Even many Christian missionaries, who, after 



