APPENDIX, 383 



of the mole (Fig. 8), wHcli has acquired a powerful spade-like 

 form for digging, with fingers which have become extremely short 

 and thick. What is far more like the human hand than these latter 

 forms, is the fore paw of the lowest and most imperfect of all 

 mammals, the Australian leaked animal (Ornithorhjnchus, Fig. 

 9), which in its whole structure stands nearer to the common, 

 extinct, primary form of mammalia, than any known species. 

 Hence man differs less in the formation of the hand from this 

 common primary form than from the bat, mole, dolphin, seal, 

 and many other mammals. 



Plate V. (Between pages 84 and 85, Vol. II.) 



Monophyletic, or One-rooted Pedigree of the Vegetable Kingdom, 

 representing the hypothesis of the common derivation of all 

 plants, and the historical development of the different groups of 

 plants during the palaeontological periods of the earth's history. 

 The horizontal lines denote the different smaller and larger 

 periods of the organic history of the earth (which are spoken of in 

 vol. ii. p. 14), and during which the strata containing fossils were 

 deposited. The vertical lines separate the different main-classes 

 and classes of the vegetable kingdom from one another. The 

 arboriform and branching lines indicate, in an approximate 

 manner, by their greater or less number and thickness, the 

 greater or less degree of development, differentiation, and 

 perfecting which each class probably attained in each geological 

 period. (Compare vol. ii. pp. 82, 83.) 



Plate VI. (Between pages 130 and 131, Vol. II.) 



Monophyletic, or One-rooted Pedigree of the Animal Kingdom, 

 representing the historical growth of the six animal tribes during 

 the palaeontological periods of the organic history of the earth. 

 The horizontal lines g h, i Jc, I m, and n divide the five large 

 periods of the organic history of the earth one from another. 

 The field g ab h comprises the archilithic, the field i g h Jc, the 

 palaeolithic, the field I ih m the mesolithic, and the field n I m u 



