72 THE HISTORY OF CREATION. 
CHAPTER IV. 
THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT ACCORDING TO GOETHE 
AND OKEN. 
Scientific Insufficiency of all Conceptions of a Creation of Individual Species. 
—Necessity of the Counter Theories of Development.—Historical 
Survey of the’ Most Important Theories of Development.—Aristotle.— 
His Doctrine of Spontaneous Generation—The Meaning of Natural 
Philosophy.—Goethe.—His Merits as a Naturalist—His Metamorphosis 
of Plants.—His Vertebral Theory of the Skull.—His Discovery of the 
Mid Jawbone in Man.—Goethe’s Interest in the Dispute between 
Cuvier and Geoffroy St. Hilaire—Goethe’s Discovery of the Two Organic 
Formative Principles, of the Conservative Principle of Specification (by 
Inheritance), and of the Progressive Principle of Transformation (by 
Adaptation).—Goethe’s Views of the Common Descent of all Vertebrate 
Animals, including Man.—Theory of Development according to Gottfried 
Reinhold Treviranus.—His Monistic Conception of Nature.—Oken.—His 
Natural Philosophy.—Oken’s Theory of Protoplasm.—Oken’s Theory 
of Infusoria (Cell Theory).—Oken’s Theory of Development. 
AL the different ideas which we may form of a separate 
and independent origin of the individual organic species 
by creation lead us, when logically carried out, to a so- 
called anthropomorphism, that is, to imagining the Creator 
as a man-like being, as was shown in our last chapter. 
The Creator becomes an organism who designs a plan, 
reflects upon and varies this plan, and finally forms 
creatures according to this plan, as a human architect 
would his building. If even such eminent naturalists as 
