TIO THE HISTORY OF CREATION. 
necessary, not merely upon philosophical grounds, but upon 
those of experience and observation.® 
Victor Carus, of Leipzig, in the Introduction to his 
excellent “System of Animal Morphology,” published in 
1853, in which he endeavours to establish in a philosophical 
manner the universal constructive laws of the animal body 
through comparative anatomy and the history of develop- 
ment, makes the following remark :—“ The organisms buried 
in the most ancient geological strata must be looked upon 
as the ancestors from whom the rich diversity of forms of 
the present creation have originated by continued genera- 
tion, and by accommodation to progressive and very different 
conditions of life.” 
In the same year (1853) Schaaffhausen, the anthropologist 
of Bonn, in an Essay “ On the Permanence and Transforma- 
tion of Species,” declared himself decidedly in favour of the 
Theory of Descent. According to him, the living species of 
animals and plants are the transformed descendants of ex- 
tinct species, from which they have arisen by gradual modi- 
fication. The divergence or separation of the most nearly 
allied species takes place by the destruction of the connect- 
ing intermediate stages. Schaaffhausen also maintained, 
with distinctness, the origin of the human race from ani- 
mals, and its gradual development from ape-like animals, the 
most important deduction from the Doctrine of Filiation. 
Lastly, we have still to mention among the German Nature- 
philosophers the name of Louis Biichner, who, in his cele- 
brated work, “ Force and Matter” (1855), also independently 
developed the principles of the Theory of Descent, taking 
his stand mainly on the ground of the undeniable evidences 
of fact which are furnished by the paleontological and in- 
