xcviii Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. [N.S., XII, 



north and forced the northern range into a sinuous curve. It 

 is significant that at the point of the Caspian push stands the 

 peak of Demavend, the highest point in all Persia. Elevation 

 is the companion of subsidence. 1 Similarly the Lob Nor sub 

 sidence appears to have squeezed Western Tibet into what 

 resembles the neck of a bottle, and on the edge of this sub- 

 sidence stand the highest peaks of the whole Pamir region. 

 Just as the Deccan table-land was squeezed between the west- 

 ern and eastern coastal cracks, so has the Tibet table-land 

 been squeezed between the cracks of Lob Nor and the Ganges. 



The conclusions which I have ventured to submit to this 

 meeting may be summarised as follows : 



(1) The fundamental cause of both elevation and sub- 

 sidence is the occurrence of a crack in the sub-crust. 



(2) Mountains are compensated by underlying deficiencies 

 of matter. 



(3) Mountains have risen out of the crust from a great 

 depth, possibly 60 miles. 



(4) Mountains owe their elevation mainly to the vertical 

 expansion of subjacent rock. 



I have now had the great privilege of placing certain 

 problems before you. My endeavour has been to point out to 

 this Congress, and especially to Us younger members, the 

 many scientific secrets that are lying hidden under the plains 

 of Northern India. 



ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS COMMUNICATED 



TO THE CONGRESS. 



Section of Agriculture and Applied Science. 



(Chairman. — Mr. Bernard Coventry, CLE., Agricultural 

 Adviser to the Government of India and Director of the Pusa 

 Agricultural Research Institute.) 



Education in its relation to Agriculture 2 , — By 



Bernard Coventry, CLE. 



The population of British India comprises over 255 million souls. Of 

 this vast multitude 80 per cent or over 200 millions, that is to say, 4 in 

 every 5 are dependent on agriculture. Any educational system therefore 

 which does not take into consideration the relationship it should bear to 

 agriculture is likely to be at a disadvantage. Out of the whole popula- 

 tion, 1\ millions or about 3 per cent are scholars, though 15 per cent o v 



1 See " Sketch of the Geography and Geology of the Himalaya 

 Mountains and Tibet," page 160. See also Records of the Survey of 

 India, Vol. IV, page 3, " Note on the discovery of the peak of Name ha 

 Barwa." 



2 This paper will be published in extenso in the Congres number of 

 the Agricultural Journal of India. 



