1916.] The Pollination of Flowers in India. 243 



lie curved: but no sooner does liberation occur than they 

 commence slowly to uncurve, and to move the anthers or 

 stigma to their appropriate places. The process of the uncurving 

 of the stigma is represented in Figure 4 and the resulting posi- 

 tion in relation to the anthers, vertically as well as laterally, is 

 indicated if it be considered together with Figure 3, which is 



the flower from above. 



Towards the twenty-fourth hour the style carries the 3tigma 

 upwards to a position straight in front of the corolla, at the 

 level first assumed by the anthers, and the filaments curve 

 down and roll up loosely on themselves. The tube is 20 mm. 

 long: and the anthers were found to be removed from its 

 mouth by 35—45 mm. in specimens observed at Moulmein (22-ii 

 to 3-iii-04). 



The stigma at opening is thrust out beyond the anthers in 

 Clerodendron serratum ; Spreng. (Belgaum, 14-xi-02). 



Differing from the above three flowers in not persisting 

 at all by day is Trichosanthes palmata, Roxb. ; for its corollas 

 fall very soon after dawn ; but on the other hand those of its 

 congener — T. cucumerina, Linn. — persist through the day 

 (Nattor, 26-viii-07 ; Asirgarh, 26-ix-09). Like T. palmata, 

 Gymnopetalum cochinchinense, Kurz, drops its corolla soon 



after dawn (Maynaguri, N. Bengal, 27-viii~08) : its flowers 



are verj 7 fragrant : but as its corolla is constructed so as to 

 afford a good foothold, and its tube is relatively short, it is 

 rather to be classed as a moth-flower than as a sphingid-flower, 

 Yet another white-flowered Cucurbit— Cephalandra indica, 

 Naud., is a bee-flower; but its bell-shaped white flowers, which 

 are visited by Anthophora zonata diligently and also by another 

 Apiid for the sake of honey (Calcutta, 18-viii-01 and 15-ix-01) 

 are rather too small for the large Xylocopas, 



Butterfly Flowers. 



Narrow-tubed, upright flowers which afford to their visitors 

 platforms facing the sky are usually suited for the visits of 

 butterflies. The common introduced Lantana Camara, Linn., 

 is a particularly good instance of this : for though many rather 

 small flowers stand together, they make an even platform 

 such as a settling butterfly prefers,— a platform where its large 

 wings find ample space. Knuth (Handbuch der Blutenbiologte , 

 III, part 2, p. 71) has observed that in Java butterflies are 

 exceeding numerous on this plant. 



Two Lycaenids, three Papilios, a Tenas and a Hespend 

 have been recorded by me as visitors to the flowers on 21-vii and 

 2-viii-01 near Calcutta. 



Phlox Drummondii, Hook., and Verbena hybrida, a garden 

 hybrid, are two cultivated plants on the flowers of which Plusia 



