1918.] The Tattva-cintamani. 323 
valid knowledge, there arises in us a knowledge Rippaosecren 
of the things signified by it, and through the intercourse w 
character is knowledge we actually perceive the things in our 
mind. The function of verbal testimony being thus performed 
by mental perception, there is no necessity for assuming the 
former as a distinct means of valid knowledge. 
Verbal testimony is not included in perception. 
angesa holds that a speech which is attended with 
expectancy, etc., and produces recollection of Renee signifie 
by it, must be ac ecepted asa means of valid knowledge quite 
distinct from perception. Just as in the perception of a colour 
our eye is the means or instrument, its union with the colour 
is the intercourse, and the perceptual knowledge is the result, 
so in the verbal testimony a speech is the means or instru- 
ment, the recollection of things signified by it is the inter- 
course and the verbal knowledge is the result. A speech there- 
fore serves the same purpose in verbal testimony as the sense- 
organs do in perception, in other words, a speech is t the means 
of verbal knowledge, and considering the distinct nature of 
this means we must admit verbal testimony to be a distinct 
means of valid knowledge. 
Is verbal testimony included in inference ? 
The Vaisesikas maintain that verbal testimony is not a 
"distinct means of valid knowledge but is included in inference. 
In deriving knowledge from a speech we first hear the words 
constituting the gages and then beh the cet signified 
y the words. The ggg of the mutual connection of 
Ppose one utters a speech thus: “he beat the cow with a 
stick.” On hearing this speck the listener may, say the 
Vaigesikas, infer as follows: 
1. The words constituting this speech must have been 
preceded by knowledge of the mutual connection 
of things as intended by the speaker and remin- 
ded by his words—proposition 
2. aie hie are possessed of expectancy, etc., and 
onvey the intention of the speaker—reas on 
3. The words of all speeches possessing expectancy, ei : 
Saree Py his words just as the words of a 
speech, viz.‘ bring a pot ” uttered by me (the 
stent) tote 
f If we thus derive knowledge of the speech by means 
0 inference. aes: is, according to the Vaisesikas, no necessity 
