1918.] Wandering Teachers at the Time of Buddha. 401 
who were known as mendicants (Bhikkhus) because of their 
practice of begging, who shaved their heads clean as a mark of 
distinction from the hermits (Tapasas), the wearers of matted 
hairs, as well as from the Brahmanas, the wearers of crest or 
lock. The name in its specific sense is to be applied to those 
bodies of men who were opposed in their general attitude not 
only to the Brahmanas buried in worldly affairs or to the hermits 
who practised all sorts of penances, but also to some of the 
wanderers who took interest in mundane affairs. The 
Sramanas were all hostile in their attitude towards Brahmani- 
cal traditions. The term Sramana is applicable to the order of 
predicament. The Sramanas were the advocates of strict 
celibacy. The Varnasramadharma which signifies the tenets or 
injunctions of Brahmanism was discredited. Politics was 
fact that the term Pharusavaca or wrangling phrases * me 
technical sense refers to the practice of the Sramanas, an ! 
Siete eras ee tere wees 
ee opr an ne Rae 
Smrj: ttidandena Yatiécaivairn lakkhanani prithak prithak.” Dakkhe 
mriti, Chap. 1; Ve 12 
* See for the definitions of Anvikshaki and Lokayatra, Kautilyas 
Arthashastra, p. 6. (Shamshastri’s English Translation.) rae 
* You don’t understand this doctrine and discipline. ‘You 
How should you know about this doctrine and discipline?” “Tam 
have fall 1 ong views.” ‘‘Itis ho am in the right. what 
Speaking to the point, you ar 2” You usar putting | whl ‘ou 
Ne cay come first and first what ought to come last nallenge 
ve ©xcogitated so long, that’s all qui ee 
9 466 i to 
proved to be wrong. Set to work 
n taken up, you ar * (The Dialogues of 
lear : : f 
your views. Disentangle yourself if you can. 
a, pp. 14-15). 
Cf. Majjhima Nikaya, Vol. IL, pp. 3, 243, ete. 
