
1923.] Anatomy and Bionomies of Red Cotton Bug. 3] 
stem as the hypopharynx. According to this author the pump 
stem does not reach the ejection canal ; where the latter ends, the 
hypopharynx begins and supports the efferent salivary duct 
and the pharyngeal duct. This view is supported by the 
diagrams of Cragg (2) and in Dysdercus cingulatus there seems 
to beasingle individual piece. The pump stem extends from the 
anterior end of the pump chamber to the point of entrance of 
the efferent duct into the ejection canal. According to Sharp (23) 
the “ Hypopharynx or the tongue is a membranous lobe in the 
anterior of the mouth on its ventral surface, a very conspicuous 
structure in the Orthoptera.”’ Such an organ does not appear to 
be present in Dysdercus cingulatws, unless the whole salivary 
pump be regarded as its homologue. Davidson (23), in regard 
to aphis Schizoneura lanigera, remarks that ‘“ situated beneath 
the mouth is the small hy popharynx which supports the 
chitinous salivary pump and is continuous with the labium,”’ 
here the author seems to be referring to a part of the ten- 
torium. 
Tentorium or the Endoskeleton (T. in Figs. 6a, 7b and 8a- 
8e).—The internal soft parts of the head capsule are supported 
by chitinous plates, collectively termed the tentorium. » Two 
of these plates (Figs. 8c, 8d) support the ventral wall of the 
in which the ‘V’ of the pharynx rests. In the region of the 
salivary pump, the plates send down processes which meet in 
the median line so as to form a broad plate extending to 
the base of the labium (Fig. 8a—8f). Opposite the anterior 
end of the erie pump, the outer margin of the plates are 
rolied upwards to form two dark heavily chitinized horn-like 
structures, the tontorial horns (T. Ho in Fig. 6a). These horns 
approximate to the clypeal lobes to form a passage for the di- 
verging stylets which enter the head at thislevel. Internal to 
each compound eye (Fig. 8c) is situated a seats chitinous 
piece which serves as a support for the eye structur 
Reproductive System. —Male (Fig. ie The pare ma 
organs are:—(i) a pair of testes, (ii) 2 vasa deferentia nai 
2 accessory glands, (iv) single ejaculatory duct, (v) penis 
(oedeagus) or the copulatory organ 
(i) Testes. — Whilst in the cockroach the testes are follicular 
and difficult to distinguish from the surrounding fatty tissue, 
in Dysdercus cingulatus each testis is a compact mass, which 
can be easily discerned when the animal’s dorsum is removed 
and the alimentary canal turned aside. The testes are red in 
colour, cigar-shaped, about 2 mm. long and lie in the V 
abdominal segment (ce Fig. 14). Dysdercus cingulatus appears 
to be unique in that its testes lie ventral and not dorsal to the 
sieoneee canal. The follicular nature of the testes becomes 
evident in transverse sections. Each testis is composed of 8 
chambers containing sperm mother cells and sperms. 
