1923.] More on the Sources of Jami’s Nafahat. 301 
by way of a joke forced him not only to violate the fast of 
Ramadan but even to drink wine.! He ran away, but was 
brought back?; finally, however, he retired and settled at 
Safiabad, near Samnan, in the Khanqah-i-Sakkakiyya, ® where 
probably the present discourses were delivered. * 
He was a follower of the affiliation started by Najmu’d- 
Din Kubra,’ and in his beliefs was probably a partisan of the 
strictly Sunnite conservative school of Sufis. This explains his 
hostile attitude towards the growing Shi‘ite and Sufico-shi‘ite 
movement which already assumed large dimensions under the 
Mongols,® and became victorious all over Persia under the 
Safawides. As he says, ‘ Now the world is captured by heresy, 
and the heretical parasites disguise themselves as godly men, 
calling perversion the divine guidance.’ ’ 
Very interesting in this connection is an allusion to the 
energetic Sufico-shi‘ite propaganda carried on by the famous 
ancestor of the Safawides, Shaykh Safiyyu’d-Din Ardabili (d. in 
735 A.H./1335 A.D.). The whole passage is really typical: ‘A 
darwish (in the majlis of ‘Alau’d-Daula Samnani) mentioned 
Shaykh Safiyyu’d-Din, who is at Ardabil, saying .. .., that he 
always tries to get as many disciples as possible and to increase 
the number of his followers. He is very proud and says, that 
there is no other murshid except himself, and all people must 
come there in order that he may guide them. The S avkh 
(‘Alau‘d-Daula),—God sanctify his spirit !—said: ‘ Our time is 
2 wonderful time. I always made inquiries concerning him (i.e. 
Safi of Ardabil). The people say that he orders his disciples to 
live honestly and be mindful of God. I liked him for these two 
points and used to say that it would be good if in such times 
there would be a thousand (shaykhs) like him.’ (f. 3) : 

eee ee. 

| Fol. 37. 2 Fols. 42-43. 
3 So it is stated by Jami, p. 504. The position of the Khanqéh is 
oe & 
described by Jami as wg? ele! ous ena! dee Qe} wks Xba ” 
i.e. athis shrine. Jami gives the date of the beginning of *Alau’d-Daula’s 
career as murshid as 689 A.H. / 1290 A D. i as 
n the Bodleian copy it is clearly indicated in the first majlis. : 
d on full name was Abi’l-Jannab Ahmad b. ‘Umar al-Khiwaqt, 
. 618 A.H. / 1221 A.D. aoe 
6 : ighly interesting book of his Shitite 
a very rare perdi as ad 'Tabast under the title BEGET 
: 8 A.H. ., 
: rning the state of the 
Shi'ite movement at that period. Cf. W. Ivanow, Catalogue of the Persian 
MSS. in the collection of the As. Soc. of Bengal, No. 1102. 
7 Fol. 3v.: 
EL I 9S sade Ghd pla 9 HS Sed yf he crclee yp! 
foul tales AU obey! 1) Saal g Dit Frutigs Qloye 
