362 Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, [N.S., XIX, 
Two facts are quite clear from this passage, and both are 
of great importance. First, that the function of a Dharma- 
kathika was different from that of a Bhanaka. Secondly, that 
in the time of the Milinda there were in the country at least 
six schools of repeaters, the repeaters of Jatakas and those of 
the five Nikayas, which clearly proves that there was a sepa- 
rate collection of commentary-Jaiakas apart from one included 
in the Khuddaka-Nikaya. The first four Nikayas, most of the 
Vinaya books and some books of the Khuddaka-Nikaya and 
the Abhidhamma Pitaka contain, besides the chapter arrange- 
ment of contents, divisions according to Bhanavaras or portions 
recited at a time. We can imagine that the Bhanakas re- 
presented in institutions for popular instruction persons noted 
for their power of memory and extemporizing. The institution 
ot Bhanakas has continued and survives till to-day in India and 
other eastern countries, where one can meet a number of per- 
sons getting thihgs by heart for the purpose of recitation 
without any attempt to grasp their meaning 
TUPADANA.—This curious epithet occurs but once 
in the Votive label—Bhadata-Budharakhitasa Satupadanasa 
danam thabho.' Like Petaki, this is not to be found anywhere 
in Buddhist literature. Cunningham suspected it to ‘be the 
name of the locality to which the donor belonged. According 
to Hultzsch’s rendering, Satupadana means ‘ one who is versed 
in science.’ He apparently gives no reasons, though his inter- 
pretation seems to be nearer the mark. The epithet appears 
to be a monumental Prakrit counterpart of the Pali Satipatthana 
or Satipatthanika, and the Sk. Smrtyaupasthana or Smrtyau- 
pasthanika. Tf so, it may be taken to mean ‘ a person practising 
Satipatthana, or ‘one adept in the Buddhist practice and ex 
periences of mindfulness.’ There are difficulties in accounting 
for the aetabee change of Satipatthana or Smrtyaupasihana 
or the Jhaina ‘practice ot Satipatthana and bore epithets to 
that effect, nay, one can suppose that a mystical sect among 
the Buddhists was in the making or had already sprung into 
oe 
Bo ODHICAKA.—This is another curious epithet that 
occurs in the Bharaut Votive Label—Samghamitasa Bodhi- 
cakasu danam.*  Hultzsch and Liiders incline to interpret it in 

| StGpa of Bharhut p. 138, PI. 80, Plate LV. Hultzsch No. 90. 
— be 792 
tapa of. Bharhut 142, RI. 5 a : yo. 143 
Litders No. 866. = I. 51, Plate LVI Hultzsch No 
