368 Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. [N.S., XIX, 
The statements of Plutarch are further corroborated by Diodor- 
for its vast extent and the largeness of its population, for it 
is inhabited by very many nations among w hich the greatest 
of all is that of the Gandaridai, against whom Alexander 
did not undertake an expedition being deterred by the meet etude 
of their elephanis. ' 
tus it seems clear that one of the causes of ie 
pac on the Hyphasis was the terror struck in the Greek 
camp by the reports, which were far from exaggerated of the 
strength and prowess of the Nandas, the founders of the first 
Empire in India. But this was not the only cause. We have 
been already informed by Plutarch that the battle with Poros 
depressed the spirits of the Macedonians and made them very 
unwilling to advance further into India. This information 
from Plutarch helps us to elucidate another very important 
cause of the mutiny. en we compare the ease with which 
Frases succeeded in demolishing the guchey Achaemenian 
empire with his difficult ard sometimes desperate Indian 
campaigns and when we remember that these were directed 
not against the then only empire in India. viz. that of the 
Nandas but against petty tribal principalities and kings, we 
cannot but be struck by the bravery and martial vigour of 
the Indians as opposed to the true Asiatic weakness of the 
Persians. In the unequal ipiaaie between a well-drilled Greek 
army with the resources of a vast empire at its back a 
captained by one of the ey military leaders of the West 
and a number of small tribal principalities and princelings is 
it not surprising to see Alexander often incurring serious losses 
and once at least —— mores wounded.* At Massaga 
Dareius is also to be noted in this annawetion. The Greek 
army after their experience in the Persian wars surely did not 
expect this different reception and was naturlly disconcerted at 
the stiff opposition of even such a petty king as Poros. They 
soon came to understand that the Indian antagonists of 
Alexander were quite different from the ‘effete troops of 
Persia’ which was after all a — colossus stuffed with sand. 

Agrammes is occoiealld taken to be the last Nanda sovereign. It is 
possible that this prince was Dhana otter as —_ Cambridge History 
(p. 469) assumes but this is not certain. The might have some 
connection with the word Ugrasena a title of the first ane 
! MeCrindle’s Ancient India as described in Classical Litt.. p. 20 
2? McCrindle’s Ancient India, its invasion by Alexander, pp. or, 67, 
147~52, 270, 306. 
