474 Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. [N.S., XIX, 
details as these. It has, therefore, to be admitted that such 
a culture came from outside Nepal. 
The available facts indicate that before the cultural influ- 
ence referred to came to Nepal, the country was inhabited by 
rude and wild tribes. In the neighbourhood of the valley 
proper there are tribes like Poovn who were but recently hunters 
and collectors of jungle produce.'! In Central Nepal there are 
the Chepangs and Kusundas who are ignorant of all arts, and 
live entirely upon wild fruits and the produce of the chase 
while their only dwellings are composed of boughs of trees 
interlaced to form some kind of shelter. On the east, there 
existence of a flourishing culture in Nepal valley and India, it 
has to be admitted that the earlier inhabitants must have been 
wild tribes devoid of all knowledge of advanced arts and 
industries * like agriculture, metal working, ete. 
__ Before proceeding further I shall consider how such an 
immigration affects a rude people and what are the conditions 
that may lead to different results. 
_ . The first condition determining the nature of interaction 
is the mode of reception, whether it is hostile or peaceful. In 
the case under consideration, it has been concluded that the 
earlier rude tribes of Nepal did not know the working of metal 
have been readily adopted by the survivors. It is more prob- 
able, however, that the reception was peaceful. In the begin- 
mung, at any rate, the number of immigrants must have been 

! Hodgson: Essays on Languages ete. of Nepal and Tibet, 
1874, Part Il, “ On the Chepang and Kusunda Trihes of Nepal.’ 
_* B.H. Hodgson: Mi 
Kiranti tribe of the Central Himalaya,’ p. 400 et seq. 
3 It does not of course mean ignorance of the rudest and primitive 
ry superiorit ac leaving out the possibility of exter- 
minati he immigrants, course no culture spread or interac- 
can the in-comers will certainly be more or less absorbed in 
© aborigines, depending on the difference in cultur he case under 
consideration, the s rp difference in material culture postulated, would 
inevitably lea the subdued immigrants acqui n amount 
of Importance, although it does not seem obable that they, or 
form a superior social class marked by barriers of 
endogamy or forbidding of commensa ity. The existing social system 
Sen enddie Newars dees not point in the direction of such a type of 
nteraction, 

