~~ > ~~ 
———.., 
we « 
—— eee ners ee Se ree wa) 
a? eee 
a oe ee i * 
1923. ] An Essay on the History of Newar Culture. 489 
a later influence. The evidence available does not favour 
such a hypothesis. It is evident that the introduction of 
plough cultivation by a powerful outside influence or immigra- 
tion would render hoe cultivation practically obsolete. But 
unless the earlier cultured people were actually exterminated 
as a result of such later influence or immigration. the superior 
Newar loom would have undoubtedly held its own against the 
inferior tension loom, nor would the accessory apparatus like 
the shuttle or spinning wheel have failed to survive. In case 
of such catastrophic changes in Tibet, the Bauddha Newars 
would certainly not have been amicably disposed towards the 
dominant people of Tibet. Evidence from religion, arts and 
crafts show however that Newar influence has been strongest 
among the lamas in Tibet, who are recruited from the higher 
as well as lower classes,! although themselves occupying a 
position above the common people. 
Further, in Tibet there is no caste ; although there are 
Newar influence is confined to any particular class of the 
people who are culturally distinct from the general mass. 
§ 7. It has been suggested that the style of building and 
architecture in Nepal is derived from China and Tibet.’ While 
the Chaityas foliow the form of the earlier Buddhistic monu- 
ments of India, with some modifications, the characteristic 
examples of Nepalese temples are in a different style, unlike 
anything found in India proper, except in the far south, in the 
Kanara country. This is the so-called pagoda style of archi- 
tecture. The characteristics of these temples are that— 
(i) they are built in several stages, each smaller than the 
oO neath, with 
(ii) sloping roofs and projecting eaves supported by 
inclined beams; 
(iii) they generally rise, not directly from the ground, but 
rom a square terrace. 
; lowest stage is the sanctuary and is covered almost 
Invariably with red tiles. The upper storeys are covered with 
gilded plates of copper.6 As has been mentioned, the strong 
resemblance of these temples to the pagodas of China and Japan, 

' Except the lowest, the outcastes: Kawaguchi, ibid, Chap. LXIII. 
2 S.C. Das: Journey to Lhasa and Central Tibet, Chap. XI. 
* Hamilton: ibid., pp. 29, 40. : aioe: ee 
_ James Fergusson: History of Indian and Eastern Architecture. Revi 
edition, London 1910, Vol. I, pp. 279-80. 
5 S. Lévi: Oo: bid.,p. 40. Very good 
Pictures are given in Lévi’s as well as Oldfield’s books on Nepal. 
