526 Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. [N.S.. XIX, 
at all. Only searching investigation can reveal the existence 
of such sections which had a definitely different ween 
formerly. but are now merged in the ordinary Jyapo: 
e Tippa and Pulpul occur in both Hodgson’s wd Old- 
field’s list with similar occupations, and the cow vherds are men- 
tioned in Hamilton’s list also; the names for the latter in the lists 
of Hodgson and Oldfield agree, but differ from that of Hamil- 
ton. The common occupation and description in this partic salar 
case, as no other cowherd caste is mentioned by Gaatade, 
leaves no room for doubt. It is probably due to the differ- 
ence in the language from which the term is taken. 
The evidence for the existence of all three castes is there- 
fore very strong. I wish to emphasise this specially in the 
case of cowherds for reasons to be given later on. On these 
matters the fact that the Gobhaju did not hear of them does 
not carry much weight. For although importance may be 
attached to his criticism of anything said about his own class 
the Banras, and also to the high caste Udas, his information 
cannot be very ahaa about the far removed low strata of 
Jyapoos and others, who are moreover from his point of view 
lax in their iicanes observances and often transgress the law 
of Buddha 
Hodgson’ s list supplies the reasons why the Gubhaju may 
not have at all heard of these castes. Thus the Tippa o7 
Teepa are described as a subdivision of Khoosa and as selling 
palong (a herb eaten fried or with curry in Bengal also). As 
the main caste name is different and the occupation not parti- 
cularly important and the caste necessarily weak numerically, 
it may have easily been overlooked. 
The large amount of detail given about Poolpool make it 
clear that the profession exists. But it also shows that they 
follow agriculture and trade at the same time. and that they 
are restricted only to one town. Although the Gubhaju belong- 
ed to this same place, the facts indicate the obvious numer- 
ical weakness of the caste and therefore absence of general 
knowledge about them. The case is parallel to that of many 
castes, in different parts of India, — to small areas, of 
which the existence has been made known to all only by ela- 
borate ethnographic surveys. It. would - rash to say that 
the average well-informed Brahman priest of any province or 
division would know all the castes of that area given in a report 
of the Ethnographic Survey 
urther, as these sc discussed above, used to follow 
other more respectable, and probably more lucrative occupa- 
tions it is quite possible that in the course of three quarters 
of a century they have given up the work altogether, taking 




! E.g. the terms Gnai, Kassai, and Mamsavikri, used for the butchers 
and meat-sellers, taken from Newari, Hindi and Sanskrit respectively. 
